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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 中考英语语法复习列表过去进行时和一般过去时的比较过去进行时过去进行时的用法1）过去进行时主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行,过去时间可以由一个状语表示出来：What were you doing when I rang you up. 我给你打电话时你在干吗？I was having a bath at that time. 那时 我在洗澡；You were then working in the post office, weren t you. 那时你在邮局工作,对吧？I was writing a letter when she ca
2、lled. 她来时我正在写信；I was busy yesterday. I was preparing for the exams. 昨天我很忙,我在预备考试；At that moment, I wasn t doing anything. 那会儿我什么也没做；I was thinking of you all those years. 那些年我始终惦念着你；有时候时间由上下文表示出来：Jane was in town. She was doing some shopping. 简在城里,在买东西；The bride was wearing a pink dress and carrying
3、 a small bouquet. 新娘穿着粉红色的裙服,手上 拿着一小束花；He was sitting alone on the deck. 他一个人坐在甲板上；Someone was following her. She was scared. 有人跟着她,她很可怕；A small orchestra was playing. 一支小型管弦乐队在演奏；They knew what they were working for. 他们知道在为什么而工作；I didn t know you were still waiting for me. 我不知道你仍在等我；I asked him to
4、tell me what was troubling him. 我让他说出他的烦心事；2）过去进行时可以用来描画一幅景象,作为描画的开头：A fire was burning and a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was playing the piano and singing softly to herself. Then there was a knock at the door. 炉火烧着,一只猫睡在炉火前；一个女孩 在弹钢琴,轻声对自己唱着,这时有人敲门；She was sitting at the window, watchin
5、g the evening invade the avenue. Suddenly she heard someone calling her from downstairs, and she recognized the voice. She stood up quickly. 她坐在 突然她听到楼下有人叫她；她听出了这声音, 快速站了起来；窗前,看着暮色慢慢掩盖大街；在故事中间也可用过去进行时来描画一幅景象：At last we got to the top of the mountain. White snow covered everything. People were sittin
6、g in groups of three and four. Some were lying on their backs. When they saw us, they were very happy and shouted: “ We thought you had lost your way. ”最终我们爬上了山顶；白雪掩盖着一切,人们三五成群地坐着,有的人仰面躺着；他们看到我们时特别兴奋,高声叫到：“ 我 们仍以为你们迷路了！ ”在小说中我们常可以看到这样的段落；过去进行时和一般过去时的比较1）过去进行时和一般过去时的基本差别是,过去进行时表示一个正在进行的动作,而一般 过去时表示一个
7、业已完成的动作；试比较下面的句子：I was writing an essay. 我在写一篇论文； （可能仍没写完）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I wrote an essay yesterday. 我昨天写了一篇论文； （已写完）They were building a skyscraper. 他们在建一座摩天大楼；（在修建）They built a skyscraper. 他们盖了一座摩天大楼； （已盖好）She was knitting a sweater for Tom. 她在给汤姆织一件毛衣；She
8、 knitted a sweater for Tom. 她给汤姆织了一件毛衣；He was doing his homework in the afternoon. 下午他在做作业；He did his homework in the afternoon. 下午他把作业做完了；2）有些动词本身并不表示动作完成,如 时用两种时态意思上差别不大：rain, snow, cough, wear, feel, wait, stay, work 等,这It snowed all night. 下了一整夜的雪；It was snowing all night. She wore a blue coat.
9、她穿着一件蓝外套；She was wearing a blue coat. He felt a bit uneasy. 他感到有点不悠闲；He was feeling a bit uneasy. We stayed in a hotel. 我们住在旅社里；We were staying in a hotel. 3）用进行时态有时有感情颜色,特殊是带有always, forever, constantly 这类状语时,如：He was always ringing up. 他总是给我打电话； （厌烦）She was always working. 她总是不停地干活； （颂扬）The old la
10、dy was forever grumbling. 这老太太老是嘀嘀咕咕；（厌烦）He was constantly changing his mind. 他总是转变想法； （不以为然）4）有时用进行时表示现在的想法,可以显得客气一点,如：I was wondering whether you could give me some advice. 不知你能否帮我出点想法；I was thinking maybe he could go by taxi. 我在想或许他可以坐的士去；I was hoping you could reconsider our proposal. 表示过去某时估计要发
11、生的情形的用法我期望你能再考虑一下我们的建议；有些结构可以表示过去某时准备要做的事或估计要发生的事,如：1）过去进行时（仅限于 come, go, leave 这类动词）：He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night. 他忙着整理行李,由于那晚他就要走了；Mr. Brown was coming to dinner. 布郎先生要来吃晚饭；She told me she was going to Boston. 她告知我她要去波士顿；We were very excited as we were flying to Europe the n
12、ext morning. 我们很兴奋,由于其次天早晨我们就要飞往欧洲了；2 was going to: She said she was going to come early. 她说她一早就来；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Judy was going to meet me, but she was ill and couldn t come. 朱迪原来是要来和我们会面的,但她生病了没能来；When I arrived, the train was just going to start. 我到车站时火车刚要
13、动身；3 be about to 表示“ 就要”、“ 即将” 发生某事：He was about to go out when the phone rang. 他刚要出去时电话响了；I was just about to explain when she interrupted me. 我刚要说明,她打断了我的话；It was seven oclock. The show was about to start. 七点钟了,演出即将开头；4 be due to（表示“ 定于”）：He was due to speak that night. 他定于那天晚上发言；clock. 马丽定于两点动身；M
14、ary was due to leave at 2 o The conference was due to start in 2 weekstime. 会议定于两周后开头；She was due to graduate in the coming summer. 她将于这个夏天毕业；2 most almost mostly mainly 区分most almost mostly 这三个词都可以作副词,但意义和用法不同；1 ）most 用在形容词或副词前面,等于 very ,起加强语气的作用；表示“很、特别、特别”most 前面不行有定冠词 the ；如：This is a most usefu
15、l book 这是一本很有用的书；Its most dangerous to play with fire 火是很危急的；2 ）almost = very nearly；指在程度上相差很少,almost 可与 no ,none ,nothing,never ,nobody 等表示否定意义的词连用；如：I almost missed the flight我差一点误了航班；Almost no one believed what he said几乎没人信任他的话；3 ）mostly mainly“大部分 ” “主要地 ” “通常地 ” ；如：The students in our class are
16、 mostly from the factory我们班的同学主要来自这家工厂；His stories were mostly about his travels in foreign countries他的故事大多是关于他在国外旅行的经受；mostly 主要是说 “大部分地,大多数地”,而 mainly 就应懂得为 “主要地 ” The racers are _ old people in their sixties. A. most B. mostly C. almost D. at the most 3 same similar 区分 same 相像程度很高 similar 相像程度低名师
17、归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - same 的固定搭配是be the same as和一样similar 的固定搭配是be similar to和相像eg:Your bag is the same as mine. This book is similar to that one. 4 time 各词组at times = sometimes 有时 ”,“常常 ” ,“多次 ” ,而 at all times = always （“ 总是 ”,“ 随时 ” ,“始终 ” ）；She does good works at
18、 all times. 她的工作总是干得很好；I feel a little nervous at times. 我有时候会觉得有点紧急；At times Jeans mother lets her hold the baby. 珍妮的妈妈有时候会叫她抱小孩；at a time 意为 “ 每次；一次 ” ；at one time 意为 “ 同时；曾经一度”,常用于过去时；at the time 意为 “在那时；在那段时间”；常用于过去时态；from time to time 常常 例： Take two pills at a time. 一次服两粒；At one time they were
19、friends, but they are seldom together now. 在很少在一起了；他们曾经是伴侣,但是现He agreed at the time but later changed his mind. 他当时同意了,但后来又转变了想法；He went fishing from time to time. 他不时去钓鱼5 When while as 的区分和用法1 如主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,从句表示的是一个连续性动作,三者都可用：He fell asleep when while, as he was reading. 他看书时睡着了；【注】 as 用于引出一个连续性动
20、词表示“ 在 期间” 时,其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作 action和进展 development 意味的动词, 一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词 如be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等,所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：A：I m going to the post office. 我要去邮局；B：While you re there, can you get me some stamps. 当你在邮局时,能帮我买几张邮票吗. 2 如主、 从句表示两个同时进行的连续性动作,指的整个时间,通常要用 while：且强调主句表示
21、的动作连续到从句所名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Don t talk while you re eating. 吃饭时不要说话；I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候,我默不做声；但是,如主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“ 一边 一边” 之意思,通常用 as：She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱；3 如从句是一个短暂性动作,主句是一个连续性动作,可用as / when 但不用while：It was raining hard when
22、 as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨；4 如主从句表示的是两个同时或几乎同时 发生的短暂性动作,用as / when：I thought of it just when as you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候,我也想到了；5 如要表示两个正在进展变化的情形,相当于汉语的“ 随着”,一般用as：Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移,情形越来越好；As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚,天气越冷；6 表示“ 每当 的时候”示
23、意一种规律性,一般要用when：It s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷；He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑；7 如主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后次序时,一般要用 when：I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时,我就回家去；8 when 可用作并列连词, 表示“ 这时 突然 ” ；while 也可以用作并列连词,表示“ 而” 、“ 却”表示对比 ；但 as 就没有类似用法：We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要动
24、身,这时天开头下雨了；He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜爱咖啡,而她却喜爱茶；9 as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词,构成省略句,但 As When a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本；while 一般不这样用：10 when 和 while 后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句,但 as 一般不这样用：When While reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了；When While in trouble, ask her for help. 6 句子成分遇到麻烦的时候你就去
25、找她帮忙；由不同词类的单词,根据肯定的语法规章组合在一起,能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子；一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成,这些部分叫做句子成分 members of the sentence ；英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语；现分述如下：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （一）主语主语 subject 是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体；主语的位置通常在句首,一般不省略；可以担当主语的出名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句；例如：Walls
26、 have ears. 隔墙有耳；（名词做主语）He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院；（代词做主语）Three plus four equals seven. 三加四等于七；（数词做主语）To see is to believe. 眼见为实；（动词不定式做主语）Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不答应吸烟；（动名词做主语）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决与天气；（从句做主语）（二）谓语动词谓语动词 pre
27、dicate verb是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分；谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后； 谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任；构成谓语动词；例如：Action speaks louder than words. 百说不如一干；Tom was very sick at heart. 助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 汤姆心里特别伤心；Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 自 1994 年以来,玛丽始终在那家服装店工作；（
28、三）表语表语（ predicative ）是用来说明主语的身份、特点和状态的,它的位置在系动词之后；可作表语的出名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词以及表语从句等；例如：My father is a professor. 我父亲是一位教授；（名词作表语）Whos that. Its me. 是谁呀？是我；（代词作表语）Everything here is dear to her. 这里的一切她都感到亲切；（形容词作表语）The match became very exciting. 竞赛变得很紧急；（分词作表语）The story of my life may be of
29、 help to others. 我的生活经受对别人可能有帮忙；（介词短语作表语）Three times five is fifteen. 三乘五等于十五；（数词作表语）His plan is to seek work in the city. 他的方案是在城里找工作；（动词不等式作表语）My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 我最初的想法是你应当掩饰你的感情；（从句作表语）（四）宾语宾语（ object ）表示动
30、作的对象,是动作的承担者；宾语一般放在及物动词之后；英语介词后也会跟宾语；可作宾语的出名词、数词、代词、动名词等；不定式也可作及物动词的宾语；例如：she covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸；（名词短语作宾语）We havent seen her for a long time. 我们好长时间没看到她了；（代词作宾语）Do you mind opening the window. 打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词作宾语）Give me four please. 请给我四个；（数词作宾语）He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想
31、做一个好梦；（动词不定式短语作宾语）We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要明白其他人都在干什么；（从句作宾语）I lived in Japan in 1986. 我 1986 年住在日本；（名词和数词作介词的宾语）（五）定语定语（ attribute ）是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子；单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前； 短语和从句作定语时就放在它所修饰的名词之后；作定语的出名词、 形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不等式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等；例如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - -
32、- - - - - - - They are woman workers. 她们是女工；（名词作定语）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. 汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信；（全部格名词作定语）Equal pay for equal work should be introduced. 应当实行同工同酬；（形容词作定语）The play has three acts. 这出戏有三幕；（数词作定语）This is her first trip to Europe. 这是她首次欧洲之行；（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）China is a deve
33、loping country. 中国是一个进展中国家；（分词作定语）You havent kept your promise to write us often. 你没有遵守给我们常常写信的诺言；（动词不定式短语作定语）My cat has a good nose for milk. 我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏；（介词短语作定语）Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 想去西藏的人须在此签名；（从句作定语）（六）状语状语（ adverbial ）是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分；状语表示地点、时间、缘由、目的、结果、
34、条件、让步、程度、方式、相伴情形等；作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等；例如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - These products are selling quickly. 这些产品现在特别畅销；（副词作状语）The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底；（有价值的东西不能轻易得到；）（介词短语作状语）She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里无所事事；（分词短语作状语）Well send a car
35、 over to fetch you. 我们将派一辆车去接你；（动词不定式短语作状语）She was slow to make up her mind. 她迟迟不能下决心；（动词不定式短语作状语）Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁；（从句作状语）（七）宾语补足语和主语补足语英语有些及物动词,除了要有宾语之外,仍要加上宾语补足语（object complement）,才能使句子的意义完整；宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语；假如上述结构变成被动语态,原宾语成为主语,原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语（subject complement）；可以担当补足语的出名词、形
36、容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等；例如：They elected me captain of the team. 他们选我当队长；（名词短语作宾语补足语）He made me ashamed of myself. 他使我感到惭愧；（形容词短语作宾语补足语）We found everything there in good order. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 我们发觉那里的一切井井有条；（介词短语作宾语补足语）I should advise you not to miss the chance. 我劝
37、你不要错过机会；（不定式短语作宾语补足语）I could feel my heart beating fast. 我可以感觉出自己的心跳得很快；（分词短语作宾语补足语）Some goods are left unsold. 有些货物剩下未出售；（分词做主语补足语）She was elected director of public relations. 她被选为公关部主任；（名词短语做主语补足语）动词中的实义动词和系动词可以担当谓语；动词不定式、 分词和动名词形式不能独立担当谓语； 介词是虚词的一种,不能独立担当句子成分,但介词加上其后的宾语所构成的介词短语,可在句中担当多种成分；7 前后缀m
38、ent, 表示 行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果 argument treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, -ment 附在动词或动词词根后构成名词表示被动意义 bewilderment 困惑-ment 附在动词或动词词根后构成名词表示工具或器物 document 公文-ment 附在动词或动词词根后构成名词表示行为的详细结果achievement 成就-ment 附在动词或动词词根后构成名词表示行为或动作 argument 争辩-ment 附在动词或动词词根后构成名词表示性质或状态 contentment 满意-ness, 表示 性质,状态,程度
39、goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness sadness safe 安全的 safeness 安全 lonely 孤独孤寂的 loneliness 孤独孤寂（词尾为 y 的先改 y 为 i ）happy 欢乐的 happiness 欢乐 dark 黑暗的 darkness 黑暗 tired 疲惫疲惫的 tiredness 疲惫疲惫 kind 慈善的,宽容的,和善的 kindness 好意 bitter 苦的 bitterness 苦味,苦难,怨恨 silly 愚蠢的 silliness 愚蠢名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共
40、14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 表示否定意义的前缀a- = not, without 表示 无 、不 a-+ symmetry 对称 asymmetry不对称 a- + typical 典型的 atypical 非典型的 dis- = not, deprive of 表示 不、剥夺 、 取消 dis- + agree一样,同意 disagree不一样,看法不合 dis- + arm 武装 disarm解除武装 dis-+approve 同意,批准 disapprove不赞成,不准 il-, im-, in-, ir-= not 表示 非 、 不 il- + liter
41、ate 有读写才能的 illiterate 文盲的 im- + possible 可能的 impossible 不行能的 in- + valuable 有价值的 invaluable无价的,特别宝贵的 ir- + responsible 对 负责任的 irresponsible不负责任的ir- + religious 宗教的,真诚的 irreligious 无信仰的,不真诚的ir- + regular 规章的 irregular不规章的8 argue argue with sb .about/over sth 与某人辩论谋事argue for 为（支持 * ）而辩护argue against
42、辩驳argue sb .into/out of doing sth 劝告某人做 /不做某事e.g. They are always arguing over/about money Argue 以为 “争辩,辩论 ”,重在自己的看法或立场提出论证说理,以理说服他人；Discuss 意为 “争论 ,重在交换看法,不含有说服对方的成分；Quarrel 意为 ”争执,吵架 “,重在表达因愤怒或剧烈的不满而同别人争执,含有有意的成分；9 angry 1. 表示 “ 对某人愤怒 ” ,一般用介词 with The teacher got angry with me. 老师对我愤怒了；名师归纳总结 - -
43、 - - - - -第 12 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. 表示 “ 对某事愤怒 ” ,一般用介词 at about：He was rather angry at what you said. 他对你说的话相当愤怒；I was angry about missing the film. 没看上那部电影我很气恼；He was angry at being kept waiting. 他因久等而愤怒；有的词书认为： at 之后接某人之言行,常可换用；about 之后接某事,但这种区分并不特别严格,两者3. 表示愤怒的缘由,一般用介词 for：He was
44、angry with me for not having done anything. 由于我什么也没做,他对我很愤怒；注： be angry 之后除搭配介词外,仍可接不定式或从句：Hell be angry to find that nothing has been done. 他发觉什么都没做,他会愤怒的；He was angry that the door was locked. 门锁上了,他很愤怒；10 confident be confident of 对.事有信心,确信 be confident of studying maths ）.（指对某详细的事有信心；如：对学习数学有信心be confident in 在 .方面有信心 ,在 .领域有信心 （指在某一个范畴,方面有信心；如： 在学习方面有信心 be confident in study ）be confident with 比较泛 be confident with st