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1、Greek alphabetAlphaNuBetaXiGammaOmicronDeltaPiEpsilonRhoZeta?SigmaEtaTauThetaUpsilonIotaPhiKappaChiLambdaPsiMuOmegaHistoryArchaic local variants Ligatures ( ?, ?, ?) DiacriticsNumerals: (6) (90) (900)In other languagesBactrian Coptic AlbanianScientific symbols Book Category CommonsGreek letters used
2、 in mathematics, science, andengineeringFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGreek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas wheremathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and alsoconventionally for variables representing certain quantiti
3、es. In these contexts, thecapital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. ThoseGreek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are usually not used: capital A,B, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X, Y, Z. Small (iota), (omicron) and (upsilon) are alsorarely used, si
4、nce they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o and u. Sometimes fontvariants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics, in particular for (phi) and (pi).In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the variables denoted by Greek letters used todescribe the risk of certain investments
5、.English-speaking mathematicians use neither the modern nor the historical Greekpronunciations of the names of the letters, but the traditional English pronunciation,e.g. /? e?t?/ for , cf. ancient t? ta and modern ? ita.Contents1 Typography2 Concepts represented by a Greek letter2.1 (alpha)2.2 (bet
6、a)2.3 (gamma)2.4 (delta)2.5 (epsilon)2.6 ? (digamma)2.7 (zeta)2.8 (eta)2.9 (theta)2.10 (iota)2.11 (kappa)2.12 (lambda)2.13 (mu)2.14 (nu)2.15 (xi)2.16 (omicron)2.17 (pi)2.18 (rho)2.19 (sigma)2.20 (tau)2.21 (upsilon)2.22 (phi)2.23 (chi)2.24 (psi)2.25 (omega)3 See also4 ReferencesTypographyThe Greek le
7、tter forms used in maths are often different from those used in Greek-language text: they are designed to be used名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - The Greek letter forms used in maths are often different from those used in Gr
8、eek-language text: they are designed to be usedin isolation, not connected to other letters, and some use variant forms which are not normally used in current Greektypography.The OpenType font format has the feature tag mgrk Mathematical Greek to identify a glyph as representing a Greek letterto be
9、used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek language) contexts.The table below shows a comparison of Greek letters rendered in TeX and HTML. The font used in the TeX rendering is an italicstyle. This is in line with the convention that variables should be italicized. As Greek letters are more often th
10、an not used asvariables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered inworks involving mathematics.Greek lettersNameTeX HTMLNameTeXHTMLNameTeX HTMLNameTeXHTMLNameTeXHTMLAlphaDigamma?KappaOmicronUpsilonBetaZetaLambdaPi?Phi ?GammaEtaM
11、uRho ?ChiDeltaTheta?NuSigma?PsiEpsilon ?IotaXiTauOmegaConcepts represented by a Greek letter (alpha) represents:the first angle in a triangle, opposite the side Aone root of a quadratic equation, where represents the otherthe ratio of collector current to emitter current in a bipolar junction transi
12、stor (BJT) in electronicsthe statistical significance of a resultthe false positive rate in statisticsthe reciprocal of the sacrifice ratiothe fine structure constant in physicsthe angle of attack of an airplanean alpha particle (He2+)angular acceleration in physicsthe linear thermal expansion coeff
13、icientthe thermal diffusivitythe alpha carbon is the first carbon after the carbon that attaches to a functional group in organic chemistrythe -carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon in amino acidsright ascension in astrometry (beta) represents the beta function represents:the sec
14、ond angle in a triangle, opposite the side Bone root of a quadratic equation, where represents the otherthe ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in electronics (current gain)the false negative rate in statisticsthe beta coefficient, the non-diversifiable
15、risk, of an asset in mathematical financethe sideslip angle of an airplanethe first-order effects of variations in Coriolis force with latitude in planetary dynamicsa beta particle (e-)sound intensityvelocity divided by the speed of light in special relativitythe beta brain wave in brain or cognitiv
16、e sciencesecliptic latitude in astrometry名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - ecliptic latitude in astrometry (gamma) represents:the reflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line.the confinement factor of an
17、 optical mode in a waveguidethe gamma function, a generalization of the factorialthe upper incomplete gamma functionthe modular group, the group of fractional linear transformationsthe gamma distribution, a continuous probability distribution defined using the gamma functionsecond-order sensitivity
18、to price in mathematical financethe Christoffel symbols of the second kind represents:the partial safety factors applied to loads and materials in structural engineeringthe specific weight of substancesthe lower incomplete gamma functionthe third angle in a triangle, opposite the side Cthe Euler-Mas
19、cheroni constant in mathematicsgamma rays and the photonthe heat capacity ratio in thermodynamicsthe Lorentz factor in special relativitythe damping constant (kg/s) (delta) represents:a finite differencea difference operatora symmetric differencethe Laplace operatorthe angle that subtends the arc of
20、 a circular curve in surveyingthe determinant of an inverse matrix1the maximum degree of any vertex in a given graphthe difference or change in a given variable, e.g. ?v means a difference or change in velocitysensitivity to price in mathematical financedistance to Earth, measured in astronomical un
21、itsheat in a chemical formulathe discriminant in the quadratic formula which determines the nature of the rootsthe degrees of freedom in a non-pooled statistical hypothesis test of two population means represents:a variation in the calculus of variationsthe Kronecker delta functionthe force of inter
22、est in mathematical financethe Dirac delta functionthe Skorokhod integral in Malliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic analysisthe minimum degree of any vertex in a given grapha partial charge. - represents a negative partial charge, and + represents a positive partial chargechemistry (See also:
23、Solvation)declination in astrometrythe Turner Function in computational material sciencenoncentrality measure in statistics2 (epsilon) represents:a small positive quantity; see limit名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - a small p
24、ositive quantity; see limita random error in regression analysisin set theory, the limit ordinal of the sequence in computer science, the empty stringthe Levi-Civita symbolin electromagnetics, dielectric permittivityemissivitystrain in continuum mechanicspermittivitythe Earths axial tilt in astromet
25、ryelasticity in economicsexpected value in probability theory and statisticselectromotive forceset membership symbol is based on ? (digamma)? is sometimes used to represent the digamma function, though the Latin letter F (which is nearly identical) is usuallysubstituted. (zeta) represents:the Rieman
26、n zeta function and other zeta functions in mathematicsthe coefficient of viscous friction in polymer dynamicsthe damping ratiorelative vertical vorticity in fluid dynamics (eta) represents:the intrinsic impedance of medium (usually free space)the partial regression coefficient in statisticselastici
27、ties in economicsthe absolute vertical vorticity (relative vertical vorticity + Coriolis effect) in fluid dynamicsan index of refractiona type of mesonviscosityefficiencythe Minkowski metric tensor in relativitynoise in communication system models (theta) represents:an asymptotically tight bound rel
28、ated to big O notation.sensitivity to the passage of time in mathematical finance (set theory), a certain ordinal number represents:a plane angle in geometrythe angle to the x axis in the xy-plane in spherical or cylindrical coordinatespotential temperature in thermodynamicsthe mean time between fai
29、lure in reliability engineeringsoil water contents in soil scienceDebye temperaturetheta functionssometimes also ? (script theta), cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - sometimes al
30、so ? (script theta), cursive form of theta, often used in handwritingthe first Chebyshev function in number theory (iota) represents:the index generator function in APL (in the form ?) (kappa) represents:the Von K rm n constantthe kappa curvethe condition number of a matrix in numerical analysisthe
31、connectivity of a graph in graph theorycurvaturedielectric constant ( / 0)thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin k)thermal diffusivitya spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k)the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually ) (lambda) represents:the von Mangoldt function in number t
32、heorythe set of logical axioms in the axiomatic method of logical deduction in first-order logicthe cosmological constanta type of baryona diagonal matrix of eigenvalues in linear algebrathe permeance of a material in electromagnetism represents:one wavelength of electromagnetic radiationthe decay c
33、onstant in radioactivityfunction expressions in the lambda calculusa general eigenvalue in linear algebrathe expected number of occurrences in a Poisson distribution in probabilitythe arrival rate in queueing theorythe average lifetime or rate parameter in an exponential distribution (commonly used
34、across statistics,physics, and engineering)the failure rate in reliability engineeringthe mean or average value (probability and statistics)the latent heat of fusionthe lagrange multiplier in the mathematical optimization method, known as the shadow price in economicsthe Lebesgue measure denotes the
35、 volume or measure of a Lebesgue measurable setlongitude in geodesylinear densityecliptic longitude in astrometrythe Liouville function in number theorythe Carmichael function in number theorya unit of measure of volume equal to one microlitre (1 L) or one cubic millimetre (1 mm3)the empty string in
36、 formal grammar (mu) represents:the M?bius function in number theorythe ring representation of a representation module名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - the ring representation of a representation modulethe population mean or
37、expected value in probability and statisticsa measure in measure theorymicro-, an SI prefix denoting 10-6 (one millionth)the coefficient of friction in physicsthe service rate in queueing theorythe dynamic viscosity in physicsmagnetic permeability in electromagneticsa muonreduced masschemical potent
38、ial in condensed matter physics (nu) represents:frequency in physics in hertz (Hz)Poissons ratio in material sciencea neutrinokinematic viscosity of liquidsstoichiometric coefficient in chemistrydimension of nullspace in maths (xi) represents:the grand canonical ensemble found in statistical mechani
39、csa type of baryon represents:a random variable.the extent of a chemical reactioncoherence lengththe damping ratiouniversal set (omicron) represents:big O notation (may be represented by an uppercase Latin O as well) (pi) represents:the product operator in mathematicsa plane represents:Archimedes co
40、nstant, the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameterthe prime-counting functionprofit in microeconomics and game theoryinflation in macroeconomics, expressed as a constant with respect to timethe state distribution of a Markov chaina type of covalent bond in chemistry (pi bond)a pion (pi mes
41、on) in particle physicsin electronics, a special type of small signal model is referred to as a hybrid-pi model? (a graphic variant, see pomega) represents:angular frequency of a wave, in fluid dynamics (angular frequency is usually represented by but thismay be confused with vorticity in a fluid dy
42、namics context)longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics3名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics3comoving distance, in cosmology4 (rho) represents:the radius in a polar, cylindr
43、ical, or spherical coordinate systemthe correlation coefficient in statisticsthe sensitivity to interest rate in mathematical financedensity (mass or charge per unit volume)resistivitythe shape and reshape operators in APL (in the form ?)the utilization in queueing theorythe rank of a matrix (sigma)
44、 represents:the summation operatorthe covariance matrixthe set of terminal symbols in a formal grammar represents:Stefans constant in blackbody radiationthe divisor function in number theorythe real part of the complex variable s = + i t in analytic number theorythe sign of a permutation in the theo
45、ry of finite groupsthe population standard deviation or spread in probability and statisticsa type of covalent bond in chemistry (sigma bond)the selection operator in relational algebrastress in mechanicselectrical conductivityarea densitynuclear cross sectionuncertaintyutilization in operations man
46、agementsurface charge density for microparticles (tau) (lower-case) represents:an interval of timea mean lifetimetorque, the rotational force in mechanicsthe elementary tau lepton in particle physicsthe lifetime of a spontaneous emission processthe time constant of any device, such as an RC circuitp
47、roper time in relativitya correlation coefficient see Kendalls tauthe golden ratio 1.618. (although (phi) is more common)Ramanujans tau function in number theoryin astronomy, a measure of opacity, or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the atmospherethe intertwining operator in representation theoryt
48、he tau in biochemistry, a protein associated to microtubulesshear stress in continuum mechanicsthe number of divisors of highly composite numbers (sequence A000005 in OEIS)the prefix of many stars, via the Bayer stellar designation systeman internal system step in transition systems名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢
49、迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - an internal system step in transition systemsa type variable in type theories, such as the simply typed lambda calculus has been suggested as a circle constant to replace pi and has a value of 6.283., or 2 (u
50、psilon) represents:an elementary particle (phi) represents:the work function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove an electron from the surface of ametalmagnetic fluxthe cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution in statisticsphenyl functional groupthe reciprocal of