资源描述
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英语主干
1. 词汇
2. 时态(主动语态+被动语态)
动作
时间
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
一般现在时
sb. do/does
sth. be done
现在进行时
be doing
be being done
现在完成时
have/has done
have/has been done
现在完成进行时
have/has been doing
过去
一般过去时
sb. did
sth.was/were done
过去进行时
was/were doing
was/were being done
过去完成时
had done
had been done
将来
一般将来时
sb.will do
sth.will be done
将来进行时
will be doing
will be being done
将来完成时
will have done
will have been done
过去
将来
一般过去将来
sb.would do
sth. would be done
过去将来进行时
would be doing
would be being done
过去将来完成时
would have done
would have been done
3. 从句
1) 主语从句 2) 宾语从句
3) 表语从句 4) 定语从句
5) 状语从句 6) 同位语从句
4. 其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。
主语从句
I. 主语从句: 主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.
1. 当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即： that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (We will be late.)
2.) That he did not come yesterday is a pity. (He did not come yesterday.)
(注意) 主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略)
2.) I hope (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)
2. 当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)
即： whether(or not) +该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意)“if” 不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。
Eg. 1.) Whether he will go there is not known. (Will he go there?)
2.) Whether they can finish the job (or not) is not clear.
(Can they finish the job?)
3. 当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）
Eg. 1.) What he did yesterday is not known. (What did he do yesterday?)
2.) Where he went yesterday is not clear. (Where did he go yesterday?)
3.) Which team he liked has not been decided. (Which team did he like?)
4.) Who won the game seems certain. (Who won the game?)
5.) Whom he met yesterday is not clear. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)
6.) Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out.
(Why was he late for the meeting?)
7.) Whose book this is is not clear. (Whose book is this?)
8.) When he will arrive is not known. (When will he arrive?)
9.) How we will help the lost boy will be discussed at the meeting.
(How will we help the lost boy?)
II. (注意一) 主语从句后置!
为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.
-- It’s certain that we will be late.
2.) Whether he will go there is not known.
-- It is not known whether he will go there.
3.) Where he went yesterday is not clear.
-- It is not clear where he went yesterday.
●It 作形式主语常用句型：(that 引导的主语从句是真正的主语)
It is possible/important/necessary/clear that...
It’s said/ reported that.. 据说/据报道…
It’s been announced/declared that... 已经通知/宣布…
It seems/appears/happens that… 显然、明显、碰巧..
It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…
（注意二）主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some books.
（注意三）What 与 that 引导主语从句的区别
Eg. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (What did you say yesterday?)
(2) That she is still alive is a puzzle. (She is still alive.)
练习题
1. ___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.
A. That B. Why C. What D. How
2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A If B Whether C That D Where
3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country.
A. Which B. As C. What D. It
4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy .
A. water is B. that water is
C. is water D. that water to
宾语从句
I. 宾语从句: 宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.
1. 当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即： that(可省略)+该陈述句
Eg. 1.) I hope (that) he will come tomorrow. (He will come tomorrow.)
2.) He guesses (that) this team will win. (This team will win.)
(注意) 主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略)
2.) I believe (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)
2. 当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)/if
即： whether(or not)/if +该一般疑问句的陈述语序
Eg. 1.) I ask whether/if Tom knows Jack. (Does Tom know Jack?)
2.) I don’t know whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come back yesterday?)
3. 当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H--how）
Eg. 1.) I don’t know what he did yesterday. (What did he do yesterday?)
2.) He wants to know where he went yesterday. (Where did he go yesterday?)
3.) He didn’t tell me which team he liked. (Which team did he like?)
4.) We want to know who won the game at last. (Who won the game?)
5.) His mom asked whom he met yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)
6.) He didn’t find out why he was late for the meeting.
(Why was he late for the meeting?)
7.) I am not sure whose book this is. (Whose book is this?)
8.) They ask me when he will arrive. (When will he arrive?)
9) We have discussed how we will help the lost boy.
(How will we help the lost boy?)
II. (注意一)
当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时，从句谓语动词用（should）+动词原词，should 可以省略。
eg （1）She required (that) he (should) go back home right now.
She required (that) he go back home right now.
（2）I suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for help.
I suggested (that) he ask his teacher for help.
（注意二）
当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移。
Eg. I don’t think that he will come tomorrow. (He won’t come tomorrow.)
He doesn’t believe that it is true. (It is not true.)
（注意三）宾语从句的语序
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
eg. I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
（注意四）宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
eg. 1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
（注意五）
由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时)，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
eg. I don’t know what I should do next.
I don’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where to live.
He wasn’t clear which way he should go to reach the bank.
=He wasn’t clear which way to go to reach the bank.
（注意七）
含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it 代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
Eg. 1) We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend. (宾语是陈述句) 2) I think it uncertain whether we will win the game. （宾语是一般疑问句）
3) We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem. (宾语是特殊疑问句)
练习题
1。 —Do you know ______ the Capital Museum?
—Next Friday.
A. when will they visit B. when they will visit
C. when did they visit D. when they visited
2. –Can you tell me ______?
–She is in the computer lab.
A. where Linda was B. where is Linda
C. where was Linda D. where Linda is 3。
3。—Guess ________ I did yesterday！
—I think you went to a party.
A. where B. when C. what D. which
4. —Could you let me know ___________ yesterday?
—Because the traffic was heavy.
A. why did you come late B. why you came late
C. why do you come late D. why you come late
5。—Do you know __________ the MP3 player last week?
—Sorry, I have no idea. A. how much did she pay for
B. how much will she pay for C. how much she paid for
同位语从句
同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, fact, truth, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息), agreement(一致)，problem，question, doubt, thought 等。
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
The news is true that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher.
1.（一）. 当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1) The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
2.) He admitted the fact that he had stolen the wallet.
(注意) that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，但that 不可以省略
（二）. 当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)
即： whether(or not) +该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意) 此处不能用if.
1.) He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
(decision 的内容是 Will he go there?)
2.) They have not come to an agreement whether he should take part in this game. (agreement 的内容是 Should he take part in this game?)
（三）. 当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）
1.) I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.
2.) We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.
3.) We have not come to a conclusion which team is the best.
4.) The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.
5.) The doubt whom he talked with yesterday is important to the case(案件).
6.) The doubt why he did not come yesterday is important to the case(案件).
7.) The problem whose money this is has not been solved.
8.) I have no suggestion when he will be back．
9.) The thought came to me how I can solve this problem.
2. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1)意义不同：
that 引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容，是解释中心词；而that 引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词，是修饰中心词（先行词）。
Eg. ①The news that our team has won the final match is true.
② The news that he told us is true.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句，解释说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。
②中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起修饰作用。
2) that功能不同：
that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，不充当任何成分；而that引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。
Eg.① Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.
②. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.
[分析] ①中 that引导 同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；
②.中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。
3)that可否省略：
that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。
Eg.①The news that our team has won the final match is true.
② The news (that) he told us is true.
③ The news that is from this newspaper is true.
[分析] ①中 that引导 同位语从句，不能省略。
②.中that引导定语从句，that指代news，在从句中充当宾语， that可以用which替换，也可以省略。
③中that 也是引导定语从句，that 指代news, 在从句中充当主语，that 可以用which 替换，但that 不能省略。
3. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开。
Eg. ①The news is true that a new teacher will come tomorrow to teach us English.
② A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English.
（定语从句who will teach you English 修饰a new teacher, 被will come tomorrow 隔开，定语从句与先行词分离）
练习题
1). They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon.
2) The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.
3) Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.
4). He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home yesterday.
5). Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom?
6). The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.
2. The suggestion ___ the monitor gave is good.
The suggestion ___ we will have a trip on the Great Wall this week is good.
A. that B. \ C. which D. where
定语从句
定语从句：定语是个句子,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。
区别：汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前（形容词修饰名词），也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词）。
被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。
Eg.（1） He is a clever boy.
He is a boy who is clever.
(a boy 是中心词或者先行词，who is clever 是修饰a boy 的定语从句，who 是关系代词，替代先行词 a boy)
拆成两个句子：He is a boy. （主干）
This boy is clever. （定语）
定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：He is a boy (this boy is clever). 去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词who, 即 He is a boy who is clever.
（2）他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。
拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。He is a boy. (主干)
我们喜欢这个男孩。We like this boy. (定语)
定语从句在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：He is a boy (we like this boy).去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词who, 即 He is a boy (we like who). 但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，所以who 要紧跟在a boy 后面，即：He is a boy who we like.
一.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有： that, which, who, whom, whose。
that既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。
which代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略
who代替人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。
whom代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可省略。
whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。
（一）. 先行词是人，1) 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/who
Eg. An architect is a person that/who designs buildings.
I will never forget the teacher that/who taught us chemistry in my middle school.
2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/ \(关系代词省略)
Eg. Do you know the man that/who/whom/ \ we met in the school library yesterday?
This is the student that/who/whom/ \ my father taught ten years ago.
3) 在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose/ of whom
Eg.The girl whose father is an engineer studies abroad. 其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学。
The girl the father of whom is an engineer studies abroad.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
A child the parents of whom are dead is called an orphan.
（二）. 先行词是物，1) 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/which
Eg. Tom works in a factory that/which makes watches.
I do not like stories that/which have unhappy endings.
2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/which/ \(关系代词省略)
Eg. This is the book that/which/ \ you want to buy?
The letter that/which/ \ I received yesterday is very important.
3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose /(which’s) /
of which
Eg. Do you know the hotel whose window we can see here?
( = Do you know the hotel which’s window we can see here?)
=Do you know the hotel the window of which we can see here?
（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel, 也可以用of which, whose window=the window of which, 意思是: the window of the hotel。）
He can repair the desk whose leg is broken.
(= He can repair the desk which’s leg is broken.)
=He can repair the desk the leg of which is broken.
（三）. 先行词既有人，又有物，
1)在定语从句中充当主语时：that
Eg. The time, place and persons that are mentioned in the story are very important.
He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.
他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。
2)在定语从句中充当宾语时：that / \ (关系代词省略)
Eg. The time, place and persons that/ \ the writer mentioned in the story are very important.
（注 意）
1.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面的关系代词用whom（指人时）或者which(指物时)， 而不用who（指人时）和that（指人或物时）。例如：
(1) The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。
注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：
① The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
② The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
③ The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
④ The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。
(2)This is the book for which you asked.
注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用which，也
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