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1、2022浙江同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共42题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.(Writing) in a clear and terse style, the book (describes) the (authors) childhood experiences in a small town (just before) the outbreak of the Civil War.A. WritingB. describesC. authorsD. just befo
2、re 2.Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (56) in a single large building. The importance of interior desi
3、gn becomes (57) when we realize how much time we (58) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (59) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (60) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (61) if the inside of your bedroom were sud
4、denly changed to look (62) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldnt feel (63) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important (64) is the function of the particular (65) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor
5、 sound-shaping qualities, and (66) few entries and exits will not work for (67) purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be (68) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (69) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (70) addition, the desig
6、ner must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be served.Part ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresp
7、onding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.AspendBrequireCsettleDretain 3.We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral
8、 immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the
9、wheel it protected both itself and its helpless Partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not
10、the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed ra
11、ts. But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness, is one of the most harmful
12、factors in depression. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (便形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the s
13、weetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin
14、, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems
15、enough to kill them.The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _Athey associated it with stomachachBit affected their immune systemsCit led to stomach painsDthey disliked its taste 4.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing I could eve
16、r have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented severity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health. As parents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at
17、higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves Our pediatricians (儿科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We are here because of
18、my husbands work. We are fascinated by Mexico-its history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. However, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing. But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, thei
19、r futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thousands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children
20、 play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel guilty complaining about my personal situation; we wont be here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any count
21、ry, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexicos, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing enough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half m
22、easures-prohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producing-that even its own officials concede arent adequate. The word emergency implies the unusual. But when daffy life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to tha
23、t which we cannot change, or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.The word hawk (ParA4) most probably means_A. sellB. transportC. placeD. deliver5.The Vikings have left many traces of their settlement which are still visible today. Archaeology provides physical evidence of their conquest
24、s, settlement and daily life. The study of place names and language shows the lasting effect which the Viking settlements had in the British Isles, and DNA analysis provides some insights into the effect the Vikings had on the genetic stock of the countries where they settled. All of this provides v
25、aluable information, but the only reason that we have an idea of the Vikings as a people is their appearance in the written sources. Unfortunately, the value of the written evidence is limited. Not a lot of evidence survives, and much of what we have is either uninformative or unreliable. Many popul
26、ar ideas about Vikings are nineteenth-century inventions. Others are the result of early historians accepting sources which modern scholars now regard as completely unreliable. In Scandinavia the Viking Age is regarded as part of prehistory because there are practically no contemporary written sourc
27、es. Even in western Europe, the Viking Age is often seen as part of the Dark Ages, from which comparatively few historical records have survived. Surviving accounts of Viking activity were almost exclusively written by clergymen (神职人员). These monastic chronicles (编年史) outline broadly what happened,
28、at what date. There are also sources of a more directly religious nature, such as the much-quoted letters of Alcuin, and Wulfstans famous Sermon of the Wolf , both of which chose to interpret the Viking raids as Gods punishment on the Anglo-Saxons for their sins. Even the chronicles reflect the fact
29、 that the Vikings often attacked monasteries for their wealth, which created an obvious bias against them, and the hostile tone of these contemporary accounts has done much to create the popular image of Viking atrocities. However, modern historians have noted that the same sources show Christian ru
30、lers behaving equally unpleasantly, but without being condemned on religious grounds. We tend to think of the Vikings as a race of Scandinavian warriors, but the reality is more complex. Raids on the British Isles and the coasts of France and Spain were the work of Vikings from Norway and Denmark. T
31、he word Viking means one who lurks in a vik or bay, in effect, a pirate. The word Viking has come to describe a whole new age in Europe between about 800 and 1150. This is despite the fact that Vikings were not just pirates and warriors but also traders and colonists. But at the start of the Viking
32、Age in the last decade of the 8th century, loot and adventure were the main goals of the Norwegians who raided in Scotland and Ireland and of the Danes who attacked England. Gold and silver treasures accumulated by the great monasteries could be converted into personal wealth and thus power, and cap
33、tives could be sold as slaves. What better way for the young sons of good families to earn their way and see the worldThe Vikings atrocious image has been created by _AAnglo SaxonsBChristian rulersCAlcuinDchurchmen 6.Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conf
34、lict breeds apathy (冷淡) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optima
35、l level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found th
36、at opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the a
37、bsence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making sugges
38、ted by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defi
39、ned from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.We can learn from Schwenks research that _Aa persons view of conflict is
40、 influenced by the purpose of his organizationBconflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsCdifferent people resolve conflicts in different waysDit is impossible for people to avoid conflict 7.It is reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise. But alcohol abuse i
41、s only one symptom of a larger campus crisis. There is a growth in racism, sexism, assault, attempted suicide, theft, property damage and most disappointing of all, cheating on exams. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and
42、 without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the Culture of Neglect, and we-parents, teachers, pro
43、fessors and administrators-are the primary architects. It begins at home, where social and economic factors result in less family time for adults. Most children and teenagers are being reared without mothers being around, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that
44、 they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers. We have failed to model a culture of responsibility. We have created a culture characterized by marriage failures, mass schooling that demands only minimal effort and media idols subliminally (下意识的)teaching di
45、srespect for authority and wisdom. When the children do wrong, it is not their fault. On the contrary, its our fault. It seems that the children are always owned something by the busy parents and by the overworked teachers. The children take it for granted that we should take responsibility for thei
46、r acts. How could college students reared in the culture of neglect have any notion of obligation and responsibility A nation of individuals who cant read or write well, with no sense of major human questions, who cant think critically or show interest in learning and who are unable to act responsib
47、ility will be ill equipped to compete in any new world order. A generation of neglect will shape our future. Lets wait and see.The main reasons that can account for the culture of neglect are the following EXCEPT _Asocial and economic factors result in less family time for adultsBwomen do not quit t
48、heir jobs and take care of their children as they used to doCthere are so many disrupted familiesDmedia idols intentionally disrespect authority and wisdom 8.Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Int
49、erior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (56) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (57) when we realize how much time we (58) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (59) attract