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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date牛津高中英语语法复习(模块1-4)(1)2006江苏卷牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4）语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a police
2、man.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room which I lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的
3、先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用(成分)来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=of whomof which人&物定语关系副词When=atinonduring. which时间状Where=atinto. which地点状Why=for which原因状that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状This is the place where we work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)This is the place which we
4、 visited. (vt. )种类先行词关联词例句说明定语从句（人）在从句中做主语或宾语物在从句中做主语或宾语whowhichThis is the doctor who saved the boys life .这就是救了孩子生命的医生。She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .她就是我要介绍给你的新学生Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。The novel which Tom bought is very interestin
5、g.汤姆买的小说很有意思。Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？who在从句中做主语whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whomwhich在从句中做主语。which充当宾语时可以省去。which做介词宾语不可省定语从句人或物的whoseThe professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。The professor,
6、the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。=The bike, the brake of which was damaged, has now been repairedwhose在从句中做定语指某人的也可以用of whom代替whose指物时也可以用of which 代替 whose人或thatThe woman that is playing the piano is Mis
7、s Zhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。Id like to see the films that are just on show.我想看那些刚上映的电影。that指人做主语that指物做主语种类先行词关联词例 句说 明定语从句物all, littlemuch和some, any every ,no 构成的合成代词人或物thatthatThey talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school. 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。Ill tell you
8、 all(that )I know about it .我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？Ive brought everything (that )you need.我把你需要的东西都拿来了。This is the best film that I have seen .这是我看过的最好的一部电影。The first place that well visit is Beijing Library.我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用w
9、ho或which先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who (whom)均可先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。定语从句人或物thatHe is the only person that is believable.他是唯一可靠的人。John is the very person that she wants to see.约翰正是她要见的人。Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？Which of the books t
10、hat you bought is easy to read?你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that.当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that时间whenHe came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。在定语从句中作时间状语 地点where
11、This is the room where he put up for the night.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。在定语从句中作地点状语原因理由whyI know the reason why she studies so well .我知道她学习好的原因。在定语从句中作原因状语This is the place where I work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)This is the place which we visited. (vt. )（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不
12、可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。
13、关系词可用that ,why.作宾语可以省略不可用that ,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以是整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句 1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个)He returned all the books whic
14、h are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English.I will wear no clothes which will be out of ordinary.I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary.The man who lives next door is a doctor.My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.Im sure I know the person wh
15、o served me.Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant.A student who studies hard will make good progress.The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.（六） 关系代词that和 which的区别 只能用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, non
16、e ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Everything that we saw was interesting.Im interested in everything that I dont know.All that is needed is a supply of oil.(2) 如果先等词被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.例如：I
17、 read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket.All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project. (3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I visited.Thi
18、s is the best film that I have ever seen.This is the funniest thing that I ever heard.(4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用
19、who, which.例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this?which of the novel do you like best?(7) 关
20、系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that he used to be.China isnt the country it used to be.(8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句 “ there be “开头时，关系
21、代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 当先行词是 “ to be “ 后面的表语时关系代词用that . This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.只能用which的情况 1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people
22、 taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich in culture.2)those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3) 介词后只用which This is the room in which he lived. I dont know
23、the man to whom you talked. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语， 不用that.例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky jus
24、t now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.只用who, whom.而不用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will g
25、o with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wan
26、g is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以
27、引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose
28、cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle. (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配 Mr
29、. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意关系代词的位置
30、 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote lett
31、ers with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he works. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
32、This is the book which /that I am looking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八） whose 引导从句的意义1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the ro
33、om, the window of which faces south( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替)（九）As 与which 是有区别的A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 区别：1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后
34、面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3)
35、 As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me unhappy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。 Bob did an exce
36、llent job, as we had expected.Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is
37、using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was p
38、ut off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77）the same as 与the same .that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词 This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch tha
39、t I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时候that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was
40、 ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 与the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets tha
41、t have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is w
42、illing to do it.（十三）关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语 when=on/ in/ of /at+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, ai
43、rport等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that
44、/which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in.The place th
45、at we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that w