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1、高考语法专题复习虚拟语气精品讲解英语中语气分为三类：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气：把一句话作为对情况的表达或询问说出来，就用陈述语气，用于陈述句，疑问句和感慨句。日常生活中大多使用这种语气。祈使语气：提出劝告，请求，命令等时，就用祈使语气，用于祈使句。 eg.Be careful!小心！留神！ Freeze!别动！ Lets go!我们走！虚拟语气：假设说的不是事实，也不是要求，命令，劝告等，而是一种假设，愿望，建议或实现不了的空想，就用虚拟语气。 例如：要是我能飞该多好啊！事实上我飞不起来 要是奥黛丽.赫本是我女朋友该多好啊！事实上这是不可能的 我建议大家要努力学习。表建议，用虚拟
2、语气1.虚拟语气用于条件句 条件句真实条件句和非真实条件句。 真实条件句：指if引导的条件句有实现的可能性。 非真实条件句：指假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性很小，这时就用虚拟语气来表示。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。即： 该用现在时，那么用过去时 该用过去时，那么用过去完成时 该用将来时，那么用过去将来时 该用过去将来时，那么用过去将来完成时一、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ 例：1.If the weather we
3、re fine, I would go there. 如果天气好，我去那儿。事实天气不好 2.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. 如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。而事实上得到了你们的帮助二、表示与过去事实相反的条件句。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+例如: 1.If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a m
4、istake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。事实上你没有听我的劝告2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。三、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形+主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+例如：1.If you were t
5、o do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。 2.If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假设我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习)错综时间条件句定义：有时在非真实条件句中，主句的动作和从句的动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述句子结构，而需按照各自的时间来调整。eg.If you had followed the doctors advice then, you would be all rig
6、ht now. 如果你那是听了医生的劝告，你现在就好了。主句与从句发生的时间不同，应按照主句与从句各自的时间作调整 If you had followed the doctors advice then，you would have been all right then.如果你那时听了医生的劝告，你那是就好了。主句与从句发生的时间相同含蓄条件句定义：有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子就叫含蓄条件句。a.用with, without 等介词短语，分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句 We mighe have died without your help.=
7、We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stopped it.=If we had known in time, we could have stopped it. 如果我们及时知道的话，我们就可能阻止它。 常见的连词有：otherwise否那么，不然.in case 假设 but that 要不是. on condition(that)条件是 unless 除非 so long as 只要 supposesupposing(that)假设 provideproviding(t
8、hat)如果. eg.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.=If I had not beenbusy last week, I would have come to see you.c.条件暗含在上下文中。如：1.You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)2.We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装假设符合以下条件，可以省
9、略ifa.必须是非真实条件句，真实条件句不可以省略if 。b.只有当非真实条件句中有were,had,should,would等词时，才可以省略if。c.省略if时，主句与were,had,should的位置必须相互调换。例如：If I were in your position,I would do it better.=Were I in your position,I would do it better.1主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词或名词或动词的-ed形式 + that .结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed的含义，当表达建议
10、，要求，惊讶等时，用虚拟语气。其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形。必背：常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 名词：pity, shame, no wonder,a honour等例：It is necessary that the progr
11、am (should) be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序输入电脑。 It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。2宾语从句虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形的动词有：一个坚持：insist两个命令：order,command三个建议：suggest,advise,propose四个要求：demand,require,ask,desire在su
12、ggest建议, order(命令), propose(建议), insist坚持要做, command (命令)，request要求，advise建议等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 美国英语常省略should。The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。比拟：动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应
13、根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。suggest作“建议解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示解时，用陈述语气。His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。暗示He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。建议insist作“坚决要求解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为解时，用陈述语气。He insists that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他坚持认为做
14、早操对健康有益。强调He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。要求在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。一般过去时were、did表示目前不可能实现的愿望 I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。 I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。过去完成时had done表示过去不可能实现的愿望 I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 I wish that I had se
15、en her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。过去将来时 wouldcould do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。 I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。提示：由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望、“但愿，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。The students hope that their football team will
16、win the game. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。 可能实现I wish I could see him now. 我希望现在就能看到他。不可能实现3表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形结构。My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。3表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“s
17、hould + 动词原形结构。My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。必背：表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有advice 建议demand 要求desire 愿望decision 决定idea 意见motion 提议order 命令propos
18、al 提议requirement要求request 请求regulation 规章suggestion建议目的状语从句a. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should + 动词原形结构，表示忧虑或目的。Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。We had a meeti
19、ng and talked the matter over face to face for fear that thereshould be any misunderstanding.我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget. 我要把你的 号码记下来，以免忘记。They worked harder than usual in ord
20、er that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。让步状语从句让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。假设从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。I should say the same
21、 thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part. 不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.
22、一个人不管其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。5.定语从句中的虚拟语气在It is (high) time (that) .结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“到某人该做某事的时间了。It is (high) time (that)+主语+should+vIt is (high) time (that)+主语+过去时It is time that the children went to bed. =It is time that the children should go to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。It is high time that we began the mee
23、ting. =It is high time that we should begin the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。3.其他句型中的虚拟语气A If only. If only位于句首引起的感慨句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。用过去时表示现在If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！用wouldcould表示将来If only you had t
24、old me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。用过去完成时表示过去注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也根本相同。If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain.If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier.Bwould ratherwould rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接从句，表示“宁愿，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情
25、况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。I would rather you left today. 我宁可你今天走。I would prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。I would rather I hadnt seen that film yesterday. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。提示：would rather 主要有两种用法。1后接不带to的不定式Id rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。Id rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。Wh
26、ich would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡2后接不用连词的that从句Id rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立。C表示愿望的感慨句在表示祝愿的感慨句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！May you be happy! 祝您快乐！God bless you! 上帝保佑你！Succe
27、ss attend you! 祝你成功！The Lord save us! 愿主救我们！D情态动词用于虚拟语气局部情态动词的过去形式could, might, should, would，可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。1表示想像或猜想If I could speak French, I would teach you. 如果我会说法语，我就能教你。我不会，所以不能教你If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled. 如果你现在给他打 ，你就可以把问题解决了。There could be somethi
28、ng wrong with the tape recorder. 这台录音机可能出毛病了。He might have said so. 他可能这样说过。Could he have done such a foolish thing 他会做这样的傻事吗？2表示委婉或客气虚拟语气could, would, might + 动词原形可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。 You could answer this email for me. 你可以替我回这个电子邮件。Could you leave me your telephone number and address 你能将 号码和地址留给我吗？Woul
29、d you mind opening the window 劳驾把窗子翻开，好吗？You might as well put off the discussion till next week. 你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。比拟：would lIke to do 愿意，想要would like to have done 本来想I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。没有谈成3表示惋惜或责备Given more time, we cou
30、ld have done better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。我们并没有得到更多的时间You could have got up a little earlier！ 你完全可以早点儿起来！实际上没有早起It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat. 昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。但我没穿This wall shouldnt have been pained blue. 这墙不应该漆成蓝色。但已漆了强化练习1 -Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignmen
31、t yesterday.-Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt2. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he-_A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy. D. will be busy 3. If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followe
32、d D. would 4. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 5 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture.A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused6 If we _ the
33、other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken7. Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _ (讨论) at the meeting. (discuss)8 -The weather has been very hot and dry. -Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much be
34、tter now! And my vegetables .9Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .Awould have been savedBhad been saved Cwill be savedDwas saved1答案：C考点：此题考查的是虚拟语气解析：此处表示和过去事实相反的情况，应该用should + have + 过去分词。本来应该做，而未做我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。2答案：A. 考点：此题考查虚拟语气与时态。解析：前句表示对过去的虚拟，而b
35、ut之后表示过去的客观事实，故用一般过去时态。3答案：C考点：考查虚拟语气。解析：根据“wouldnt have lost可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，应选C项4答案：D. 考点：考查虚拟语气。句意：约翰单独去了医院。如果他告诉我的话，我会跟他一起去的。解析：前一句是陈述语气，说明动发生在过去，而且后一句的主句已经是would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构，应该用had +过去分词。5答案：选B 解析：would rather后应用虚拟语气，表示与现在时间相反，用动词的过去式6答案：B.解析：考查虚拟语气。所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从
36、句的谓语，根据主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反，故所填局部用had+过去分词形式，选B。7答案：(should) be discussed考点：虚拟语气解析：“insist引导的宾语从句要用虚拟，从句结构是 “should可省略加动词原形，主语 “problem 是要“被讨论。8答案：D考点：此题考查虚拟语气中对过去的虚拟。解析：第二个说话人的If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好的多了！我的蔬菜也就不会死了。过去没有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。而将句子复原那么为If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldnt have died. If+ had done,主句为couldnt/ shouldnt/ wouldnt have done.9答案： A考点：此题考查虚拟语气。解析：根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .应选择A。句意为：如果