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1、语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语一、强调句一强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调局部通常是主语、宾语或状语+ that/ who当强调主语且主语指人+ 其它局部。e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调局部通常是疑问代词或疑问副词+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它局部？e.g. When and wher
2、e was it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：
3、It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。二not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调局部 + that + 其它局部e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed un
4、til/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否认句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否认句了。三谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you last w
5、eek. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必千万要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。二、It的用法一作人称代词1、it代替前面或后面的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.it代替前面的cakeAlthough we cannot see it, there is air all around us. it代替后面的airThey say he has lef
6、t town, but I dont believe it. it代替前面Theytown分句中的情况2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西包括婴儿。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. it代替前面的treeThe baby cried because it was hungry. it代替前面的baby3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.- Who is it?- Its me.- Who are sin
7、ging?- It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one那么用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle?- No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours?- No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on t
8、he desk.5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild温和的; I like it very much.it指the climate of South China）The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.that指the climate二作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (r
9、ainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?三作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句。四引导词it作形式主语宾语为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语或宾语it ，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间
10、要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. it与that从句中间夹有 strange但有时it与所替代局部之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句
11、练习一、强调句、It的用法1. My bike is missing. I cant find _ anywhere.A. oneB. onesC. itD. that 2. - Whos that?- _ Professor Li.A. Thats B. ItsC. HesD. Thiss3. _ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.A. ItB. HeC. SheD. That4. - Have you ever seen a whale alive?- Yes, Ive seen _.A. that B. itC. suchD.
12、 one5. The color of my coat is different from _ of yours.A. thisB. thatC. itD. one6. _ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.A. ItB. ThereC. ThoseD. You7. We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A. thatB. thisC. itsD. it8. The climate of Shanghai is better than _ of Nanjing.A
13、. thatB. itC. whichD. what9. _ four years since I joined the Army.A. There wasB. There isC. It wasD. It is10. How long _ to finish the work?A. youll takeB. youll take itC. will it take youD. will take you11. It was through Xiao Li _ I got to know Xiao Wang.A. whoB. whomC. howD. that12. It was in the
14、 rice fields _ we had our league meeting.A. whereB. thatC. in whichD. on which13. It was on October 1st _ new China was founded.A. whichB. whenC. asD. that14. Was it because he was ill _ he asked for leave?A. andB. thatC. thats D. so15. Mary speaks in a low voice; _ is difficult to know what she is
15、saying.A. itB. thatC. soD. she16. It was _ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.A. many years thatB. many years beforeC. many years ago thatD. many years when17. _ is not everybody _ can draw so well.A. It, allB. It, that C. There, whoD. There, that18. So _ that no fish can live in it.A. shallow is the lakeB.
16、 the lake is shallowC. shallow the lake isD. is the lake shallow三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：一简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.括号内为省略的词语，下同(I) see you tomorrow.(It) Doesnt matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一局部。e.g. (There is) No smoking.(Is there) Anything wrong?W
17、hy (do you) not say hello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保存to。e.g. - Are you going there?- Id like to (go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，那么须在to之后加上be或have。e.g. - Are you an engineer?- No, but I want to be.- He hasnt finished the task ye
18、t. - Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。e.g. - Are you thirsty?- Yes, I am (thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.- Have you finished your work?- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.二并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的局部。e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nu
19、rse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.三主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一局部，用so或not切不可用it或that代替。e.g. - Is he coming back tonight?- I think so.- Is he feeling better today?- Im afraid
20、 not.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。但I dont think so比I think not更常用。四其它省略1、连词that的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况参看“名词性从句等有关局部。、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g. I told
21、 him to sit down and wait for a moment.、某些使役动词如let, make, have及感官动词如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g. - I saw the boy fall from the tree.- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.、介词but前假设有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g. The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些状语从
22、句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be局部。参看“状语从句有关局部4、连词if在局部虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化参见“倒装句有关局部5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).四、插入语英语句子中尤其在口语中常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语。一插入语的类型：1、单词多是副词，如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。e.g. She is looking fit, though.
23、 他看起来倒是健康。I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.By the way, where are you from? 3、句子e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isnt clever.二插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末见上面例句。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g. You know that I think y
24、ou are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？三插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一局部。e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。四插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语。这种疑问句有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句或“连锁疑问句常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极
25、高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?When do you suppose theyll be back?How old did you think she was五大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 缺乏为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；co
26、me along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。练习二、省略和插入语1. - Wont you have another try?- _.A. Yes, I willB. Yes, I wont C. Yes, I will haveD. Yes, I wont have2. - I wont do it any more.- _?A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any moreC. Why notD. Why not do3. - Do you think it will sno
27、w tomorrow?- _.A. No, I dont thinkB. I dont thinkC. No, I dont soD. I dont think so4. - Will he fail in the exam?- _.A. Dont hope toB. Lets hope notC. Not hope soD. Lets hope not to5. _ usual, I have forgotten something.A. AsB. As it isC. ItsD. That is6. _ she a man, she might be elected president.A
28、. IfB. UnlessC. WasD. Were7. _ I had time, I would have played it again.A. If B. UnlessC. HadD. When8. _ it rain tomorrow, Id stay at home.A. Should B. WouldC. WhenD. If9. I like sports and _ my brother.A. soB. so doesC. so isD. so likes10. Francis, _ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Mis
29、souri.A. wasB. He wasC. who isD. although11. - Arent you the manager?- No, and I _.A. dont wantB. dont want toC. dont want to beD. dont12. - Have you fed the dog?- No, but _.A. I amB. Im just going toC. ImD. Im just going13. Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard标准 _,
30、 you failed.A. in the endB. after allC. in other wordsD. at the same time14. How long _ she would stay here?A. did she say B. she saidC. didD. /15. _ could do such thing?A. Whom do you thinkB. Who do you thinkC. Do you think whomD. Did you think who练习三、综合训练1. John was ill. Have you heard about _?A.
31、thisB. heC. itD. the one2. Hurry up! _ getting darker and darker.A. The sky isB. Its C. Weather isD. Time is 3. Its the third time _ I have been here.A. thatB. whenC. afterD. who4. It was simply for that reason _ I wouldnt tell him the truth.A. whyB. whichC. soD. that5. Was it in the place _ the las
32、t emperor died?A. whereB. thatC. whichD. in which6. _ is no difference between A and B.A. It B. WhereC. ThereD. What7. It _ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.A. wasB. wereC. areD. had been8. He said, “ _ a long way to school. _ a long way to go yet before we arrive.A. It is, It i
33、sB. There is, There isC. There is, It isD. It is, There is9. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which10. If you go to Xian, youll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly _.A. supposingB. supposeC. to supposeD. supposed11. _ is a fac
34、t that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. ThisC. ThatD. It12. It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. untilC. beforeD. when13. It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcast began.A. whileB. whichC. thatD. since14.
35、 - Do you mind my taking this seat? - _.A. Yes, sit down pleaseB. No, of course notC. Yes, take it pleaseD. No, you cant take it15. - Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? - Not at all. _.A. Ive no timeB. Id rather notC. Id like itD. Id be happy to16. The boy wanted to
36、 ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to17. It was not until she came to see us _ her mother was ill in bed.A. when we knewB. that did we knewC. that we knewD. that did we know18. - This store has such high prices.- I agree. Never again
37、 _ here.A. I will shopB. will I shopC. I do shopD. shop I19. _ was his kindness that everyone praised him.A. ItB. WhatC. SoD. Such20. _, he would have passed the exam.A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard21. - David has made great progress recent
38、ly.- _, and _.A. So he has, so have youB. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have youD. So has he, so you have22. No sooner _ they rushed out into the street.A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when23. He was unable to make such progress, _.A. hard as he triedB. as hard he triedC. hard he has triedD. tried hard as he