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1、省外国语高一英语 语法复习 冠词一 冠词的定义：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。二 不定冠词的用法： 不定冠词有a和an 两种形式。a用在辅音音素开头的词前，an用在元音音素开头的词前。1当第一次提到某人或某物时，用不定冠词起介绍作用。 There is a table at the center of the room with four chairs around it.2.用在单数普通名词前表一类人或物。 A bike is very useful in the countryside.3.用来表示“某一个，不具体说明何人或何物。 Ther
2、e is a Mr.Hu waiting outside to see you.4.用在表示重量，长度，时间单位的名词前，表“每一的概念。 Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $1000 a minute.5.用来说明事物的同一性质，特征，程度或大小，相当于the same,表示“相同的意思。 They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同龄。接不定冠词接形容词的比拟级接可数名词的单数形式，相当于最高级。 How wonderfully she sings! I have never heard such a bet
3、ter voice. I have never spent a more worrying day.7.a most 接形容词原级接可数名词单数形式，a most 相当于very. This is a mos接序数词表示“再一“又一 May I try it a second time? 我可以再试一次么？9.用于某些固定短语中。 a few 一些 a little 一点 a bit 一点 a piece of 一张 once upon a time 从前 an hour or two 一两个小时 a pleasure 一件乐事 have a rest 休息一会儿 have a walk 散步
4、 a surprise 一件奇异的事 a long time 一段时间 have/take a bus 乘公共汽车 a second time 又一次 turn a deaf ear to不愿听 a knowledge of English 一门英语学问 a waste of time 浪费时间 a joy to me 对我来说是一件快乐的事a strong character 坚强的性格 a good help 帮助 a bright future 光明的前途 an advanced culture 一个先进的文化 have a good time 玩的快乐 show a great int
5、erest 显示出很大的兴趣 be of an age 同龄 a Mr. Zhang一位姓张的先生a most important lesson 非常重要的一次教训a big supper一顿大餐 have a fever 发烧 have a word with sb.和某人说句话make a man of sb. 使某人成为男子汉 a good many/a large number of许多lead / live a life 过着.的生活 a useful book一本有用的书There is an “m in the word “moon. 在“moon 这个词中有一个字母“m.He
6、is a failure. 他是个失败者。He is a success as a leader. 他是个成功的领导者。三 定冠词的用法1表示某些或某个特定的人或事物。 The book on the desk is mine.2指说话双方都知道的人或事物。 Would you mind my opening the window?3指上文提到过的人或事物。 I received a letter a few days ago. The letter was from Beijing.注：在自家人或熟人间谈到家庭的某个成员时，通常可以不用定冠词，一般情况下要大写。 He is taking S
7、ister out for a walk. 他带着妹妹出去散步了。4 用在单数的普通名词前表示一类人或事物。 The horse is a useful animal.注1：不定冠词接可数名词单数形式与可数名词的复数形式也可以表示一类人或事物。即：A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.注2：man有时可用来代表人类，不加冠词。Man cant live without air.5. 与某些名词连用，表示一个民族，阶级，阶层。 The working class is the leading class.6 用在表示世界上独一
8、无二的事物前，如太阳，月亮，世界等 the world 世界 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the sky 天空 the earth 地球 7 用在某些形容词或分词前，表示具有这个形容词特点的一类人或事物。 the young 年轻人 the grown-up成年人 the wounded 伤员 the oppressed被压迫者8 用在序数词前 He is always the last one to come and the first one to leave.9 用在形容词和副词的最高级前，但副词的最高级常省略the。 Winter is the coldest sea
9、son of the year. Who sings the best in your class?10用在姓氏复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妻双方。The Chens will move to Nanjing.11用在逢十的复数数词前表示某个年代。 When he went to American in the seventies, he was already in his forties. In the 1870s, Marx began to learn Russian.12用在表示单位的名词前。 Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋是按打卖的。 I have hi
10、red the car by the hour.13用在表示乐器的名词前注：play erhu She often plays the violin in the evening.14江河、海洋、湖泊、运河、海湾、海峡、山脉、群岛、森林、平原、盆地、沙漠等专有名词 the Yellow River 黄河 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the West Lake 西湖 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 the Gulf of mexico 墨西哥湾 the English Channal 英吉利海峡 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山 the British Isles
11、 大不列颠岛 the Black Forest 黑森林 the North China 华北平原 the Tarim Basin 塔里木盆地 the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠 (注：Mount Lake附在专有名词前，不带the; Mount Fuji 富士山 Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖) 15报刊、书籍、杂志的专有名词前 the Times泰晤士报 the Bible 圣经(注：以人名为书名或以作者名字表示作品时，不用the; Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记16固定短语the first to come 第一个来的人 the Chens老陈一家人in the
12、 1870s=in the 1870s 在19世纪70年代in his fifties 在他50多岁时 the working class 工人阶级by the hour 按小时 the Peoples Daily 人民日报in the summer of 1956 在1956年的夏天 the breakfast I ordered我要的早餐 the public公众the matter 物质 the same 和. the countryside 乡村 the masses 人民群众for the most part 大局部/大体上/多半 the Spring Festival 春节brea
13、k the silence打破沉默 over /on the telephone/radio 通过 或无线电be wounded in the leg腿部受伤 I like the Chinese language. 我喜欢汉语。加定冠词的记忆：某人某物被特指，独一无二双方知，上文出现再次提，方位形容最高级， 普通名词加专有，习惯用语序数词，江河湖海和群岛，阶级党派和乐器。四不用冠词的情况1 在专有名词和不可数名词前，不用。 人名：Marx 马克思 国名：China 中国 节日：National day 国庆节 地名：Europe 欧洲 称呼：Dad Uncle Tom*但是，由普通名词和另外
14、一些词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词 1某些国名： the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 2某些组织机构： the State Department 美国国务院 3某些建筑物： the Great Hall of the People人民大会堂 4报纸，会议，条约：the Peoples Daily 人民日报 5某些节日： the Spring Festival 春节2 名词前已经有做定语的名词所有格，形容词性物主代词，指示代词，疑问词，以及some, little, both, each, either, few, many, much, another等，
15、不用。 Whose purse is this? 这是谁的钱包？ some interesting stories 一些有趣的故事3 复数名词表泛指意义，而不是特指意义时，不用。 They are teachers, not students. 4 表示头衔，职位的名词做表语，同位语，主语补足语，宾语补足语以及称呼语前 (director, head, chairman, captain, president)，不用。They elected him president of the U.S.*turn后的名词前通常不加冠词。 He used to be a teacher till he t
16、urned writer.5 季节，月份，日期前，不用。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? *但如果被一个限定性定语修饰，或表示一段特定时间，前面要加定冠词。 The building was completed in the summer of 1956. *有时前面加不定冠词表示“某一个 This happened on a Sunday towards the end of May.6 一日三餐，球类前，不用。 He goes to school after breakfast. *如果具体指某顿饭时要用the，表示类别时要用a The
17、 breakfast I ordered still hasnt arrived. That was a very nice supper. 7 学科，疾病，游戏，颜色，棋牌和感官名词前，不用。 Economics is different from politics. Do you play chess (bridge, cards)? *有些表示疾病的名词需要加不定冠词fever, headache, cough, cut, wound等 have a fever 发烧8 物质名词 和抽象名词前，不用。 Failure is the mother of success.9 与by连用的表示
18、交通工具的名词前，不用。 by kike 骑自行车 by land/sea由陆路/海路10以and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时，不用。 day and night 日夜 pen and ink 笔墨 sun and moon 日月 husband and wife 夫妻 father and son 父子 master and servant 主仆11用某些介词连接相同或相对的名词时，不用。 face to face 面对面 hand in hand 手拉手 side by side 肩并肩 step by step 一步一步的 from beginning to end 自始自终 from
19、top to bottom 从上到下 from morning till night从早到晚12固定短语make great progress 取得很大的进步 what fun 有趣 in such fine weather 在这样的好天气下 New Years Day 春节in case of fire 万一有火灾 in public当众，公然 in use 在使用中 in place在适当的位置 turn writer 成为作家 play chess 下象棋National Day 国庆节 by land 陆路 I like Chinese.我喜欢汉语。不加冠词的记忆：职务头衔称呼语 季节
20、月份星期几 可数复数类别表节日三餐玩球牌 代词定语已在先 固定词组加标题剧本书名国城人 所有格后定词去历届高考试题：1. -Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please? -Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C./; the D. the; /2.( ) I like _ colour of your skirt. It is _ good match for your blouse. A. a; the B. a; a C. the
21、; a D. the; the3.( ) In _ film Cast Away, Tom Hanks plays _- man named Chuck Noland. A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a 4.( ) _ walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch. A. A; a B. The; / C. The; a D. A; /5.( ) I looked under _ bed and found _ book I lost last week. A. the; a B
22、. the; the C. /; the D.the; /6.() I wanted to catch _ early train, but couldnt get _ ride to the station. A.an; the B./; the C.an; / D.the; a7. -How about _ Christmas evening party?- I should say it was _ success. A. a; a B. the; a C. a; / D. the; /8. Polar bears live mostly on _ sea ice,which they
23、use as _ platform for hunting seals. A. a; a B. a; the C./; a D. the; /9. -Hello, could I speak to Mr.Smith? -Sorry, wrong number. There isnt _Mr.Smith here.A.不填 B.a C.the D.one 10. I know you dont like_music very much .But what do think of _music in the film we saw yesterday?A.不填；不填 B.the;the C.the
24、 ;不填 D.不填；the答案：BCBCB DBCBD Language points1 store v&n (1) v. to keep somewhere for future use 储存，存放The museum is richly stored with such objects. (2) n. a shop or a place where things are kept 商店；仓库，货栈Most of the large stores are in the centre of town.in store (for sb.) 即将发生在某人身上；等待着某人There is a sh
25、ock in store for him.When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have _ for her, but now all her worries are gone. (高考)A. in need B. in time C. in preparation D. in store 2 contain vt. 1. to have or hold sth. within itself包含；包括；容纳不用于进行时The box contains the childs toys.The boo
26、k contains all the information you need. container n. What can be contained in the container?3 crash n & v(1) n. a violent vehicle accident or a sudden loud noise 严重的车祸；突然发出的巨响All the passengers were killed in the train crash.(2) n. an occasion when a computer or computer system suddenly stops worki
27、ng 瘫痪，死机(3) v. to (cause to) have a violent and noisy accident 使突然发生严重意外；使猛撞，坠毁The plane crashed into a mountain.4 breakdown n. C the failure of a system or relationship; an occasion when a car or a machine stops working (关系)破裂；系统失败；车辆或机器的故障Our car had a breakdown on the highway.break down The telep
28、hone system has broken down5 It consists of millions of pages of data. 它由数百万数据资料组成。How many countries does the UK consist of?Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times.自我探究短语动词consist of为及物动词。但不用于被动语态，意为“由组成/构成。注意，无进行时，无被动，相当于be made up of。consist of /be made up of /make up 这三个短语都可以表示“组成
29、，构成： consist of 由构成，只用主动形式，其主语是整体，宾语是局部。 make up 主动句时，其主语是局部，宾语是整体。 be made up of 由构成，主语是整体，宾语是局部。 Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales. England, Scotland and Wales make up Britain. Britain is made up of England.Happiness does not consist in how much money you have.Theory should consist w
30、ith practice.牛刀小试用consist的相关词组的正确形式填空The beauty of the city _ its modern buildings.Her actions do not _ her words.Happiness _ trying to do ones duty.6 The World Wide Web (the web) is a computer network that allows computer users to access information from millions of websites via the Internet.The fi
31、les were accessed every day to keep them up to date.自我探究 access vt.意为“_Students may have free access to the library. 学生可以自由进出图书馆。This book is easily accessible to beginners. 这书易于被初学者理解。牛刀小试(1)The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _ to the digital resources of the library.Aacce
32、ss Bpassage Cway D. approach(2)Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be_ to the kids.Aaccessible Brelative Cacceptable Dsensitive7 It then became possible for universities to use the system as well.然后，各大学使用这一系统也成为可能。as well意为“也，还，通常位于句末，对前面的内容进行补充说明。易混辨析as well as，as well两
33、个词组都可以表示“也；还的意思。(1)as well 要放在被强调的词语之后，是补充说明(2)as well as 是介词短语，强调的是as well as 前面的词语。它和with，including，together with等用法一样.(1)计算机在科学研究中使用，在日常生活中也使用。Computers are used in scientific researches and everyday life _. (2)我父亲以及我的两个哥哥都去过美国。My father，_ my two brothers，has been to the USA. (3)The students as w
34、ell as the teacher _ going to see the film.8. He came up with the idea of the World Wide Web in 1989 while he was working in Switzerland. (an idea has been come up)come up with 提出；提供 / 赶上( catch up with )Translate:1她想出了一个提高销量的新点子。2 我希望你能提出一个好的方案。3 我很快就会赶上你的。9 Berners-Lee made it possible for everyon
35、e to use the Internet. (para 5 line 1)make it + adj + for sb to do sthit做形式宾语，it代替“to use the Internet A) 大雨令我们不可能准时到那。 B) 因特网让我们在更少时间内获取更多信息成为可能。 10 design vt. 意欲，打算These books are designed mainly for use in colleges.design to do sth 打算做某事 be designed for. . . /to do， 打算给用的；目的是 n. 目的，意图It was done
36、by design. 这是成心做出来的。Black boxes, _ to record Flight data together with pilots conversation and noise from the aircraft, are important for people to find/out the cause of an air crash. Adesign B. designing Cdesigned D. were designed 11 moment 1) Jane is on holiday in Spain at the moment.2) From that moment on, the web and the Internet grew.3) The moment he saw us, he ran away.4) At the last moment, he gave in.