《（整理版高中英语）实验高考复习定语从句.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《（整理版高中英语）实验高考复习定语从句.doc（23页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、省实验高考复习定语从句 考点知识清单 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。因为它起的作用相当于一个形容词，所以又叫形容词性从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，从句放在先行词后由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词、关系副词所起的作用有三个：1起连接主从句的作用；2代替先行词；3在从句中作成分。如何使用关系代词、关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当的成分确定的。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 知识梳理 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词有：that(指人，物)，which(指物)，who(指
2、人)，whom(指人)，Whose(指人，物)，as(指人，物)，but(指人，物)。下面分别讲解。 1关系代词that既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。作主语时不能省略，作宾语或表语时可省略。如： A plane is a machine that can fly飞机是一种会飞的机器。(作主语) Lets ask the man that is reading a book over there 我们去问一下正在那边看书的那个人。(作主语) The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious我做的那些面条好吃极了。(作宾语) The girl(tha
3、t)we saw yesterday is Jims sister 昨天我们见到的那个女孩是吉姆的妹妹。(作宾语) After a score of years，John is not the naughty boy(that)he used to be 二十年后，约翰不再是当年那个淘气的男孩了。(作表语) 2关系代词which一般指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，偶尔也作定语。作宾语时，可省略。如： They planted the trees which dont need much water 他们种植的那些树木不需要浇太多的水。(作主语) The fish(which)we bought w
4、ere not flesh我们买的鱼都不新鲜了。(作宾语) They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drank all my wine 他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which作time的定语) 3领先行词指人时使用who或whom，假设在句中作主语用who；如果作宾语用whom，但在口语中，常用who代替whom，作宾语可以省略。如： The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada 昨天来我们参观的那个外国人来自加拿
5、大。(作主语) He is the man(whomthatwho)I visited last week 他就是我上周去拜访的那个人。(作宾语) 4whose引导定语从句，先行词可以是人也可以是物，whose在从句中作定语。如： Harry is the boy whose mother is our maths teacher Have you seen a dictionary whose cover is blue? 你见过一本封面是蓝色的词典吗?(作定语) 注意 指物时，“whose+名词结构常可以用“the+名词+of which或“of which+the+名词结构来替换，且意思
6、相同。 The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired =The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired =The house，of wh ich the roof was damaged，has now been repaired 屋顶损坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。 5(1)as作关系代词既指人也指物，引导限制性定语从句。常用于以下结构中：such.as.；so.as.；the same.as.；as.as.如： Such teachers as he k
7、nows are all kind to him 他认识的那些 Such people as have made great contributions should be respected 那些做出巨大奉献的人应受到尊重。(作主语) He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can 你能搬动别人搬不动的那块重石头。(作宾语) I want to buy the same book as you bought 我想买一本和你那本一样的书。(作宾语) You can take as many books as you need 你需要多少书就拿多少
8、。(作宾语) 注意“the same.as.结构中，as引导定语从句时，as表示“同一类，不同一个；如果as换成that时，指“同一个。如： This is the same watch that I lost yesterday这就是我昨天丢的那块表。 (2)as与which都可作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的整个内容，但也有区别。 位置不同。as引导的定语从句可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间。而which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后。如： She was quite right，as Harry soon discovered哈里很快发现，她是对的。 As is known to
9、 us all，China is a developing country 众所周知，中国是一个开展中国家。 He bought his sister a big toy，which delighted her greatly 他给妹妹买了一个大玩具，这使她非常快乐。 as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。翻译成“正如，正像。which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，翻译成“这一点，这件事。如： As is known to all，China is a country with the largest po
10、pulation in the world 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。 He sold his bicycle，which surprised me(=He sold his bicycle，and this surprised me.) 他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。 as常用于一些固定结构如as we knowas is known to all(众所周知)，as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样)，as has been said beforeabove(正如前文所述)，as might be expected(正如所预料的那样)，as is oft
11、en the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。 在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。如： He married her，which was natural(可用as代替which) 他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He sow the girl，which delighted him(不可用as代替which) 他见到了那个女孩，这使他很快乐。 as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的从句那么不受此限制。如： Mummy treats me like a baby，which I
12、cant bear 妈妈把我当小孩看待，这是我不能忍受的。 6but用作关系代词 but有时用在否认结构后，相当于whothat.not的意思。如： In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng(=In China there is no one who does not know Lei Feng)在中国无人不知雷锋。 There is no rule but has exceptions(=There is no rule that does not have some exceptions)凡规定都有例外。 考点二 只用that不用which的情
13、况 先行词具有以下情况之一者，引导定语从句的关系代词通常多用that，不用或少用 which： 1领先行词为everything，anything，nothing，all，much，little，few等时。如： Everything that can be done has been done一切能做的都做了。 something之后的关系代词用that，which皆可。 2领先行词被the only，the verythe last及序数词修饰时。如： This is the only food(that)I can find for you这是我能为你找到的仅有的食物。 That is
14、the very book(that)he is looking for那正是他一直在找的书。 This is the last thing(that)Ill do我决不会做这样的事。 3领先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the most interesting film(that)I have ever seen 这是我所看过的最有趣的电影。 4领先行词既包含人又包含物时。如： They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school 他们谈论他们记得的在时的那些事和那些人。 5当关系代词在定语
15、从句中作表语时。如： China is not the country that it used to be中国不再是以前的中国了。 6领先行词前有all，any，few，little，no等修饰语时，人们更多地使用that或省略that(在从句中作宾语时)。如： All the books(that)he has translated are very popular here 他翻译的所有的书籍在这儿都很受欢送。 There are few books(that)we can read 几乎没有我们可以读的书。 7当被修饰词为数词时，只用that。如： He brought two cat
16、s yesterdayNow I can see the two that are playing in the garden他昨天带来两只猫。现在我能看到它们在花园里玩耍。 8如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个用that以防止重复。如： He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before 他建造了一座工厂，生产一些我们以前从未见过的东西。 9当主句是there be结构时，修饰其主语的定语从句用that。如： There is a book on the desk that
17、belongs to Frank桌子上的那本书是弗兰克的。 10先行词为what，关系代词用that。如： What that is on the table belongs to me桌上的东西是我的。 11有时为了防止重复而使用that引导定语从句。如： Which is the car that hit the boy? Who was the man that she danced with? 考点三 以下情况中只用who而不用that 1领先行词是one，ones，anyone或those等时。如： Anyone who does that must be mad谁要那样做肯定是疯了
18、。 Those who dare to break the law will be punished任何人触犯法律都会受到惩罚。 2用在there be结构中。如： There is a young man who wants to see you有一个年轻人想要见你。 3领先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时。如： I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games昨天我在公园里见的那个朋友已经在亚运会上获得了三块金牌。 4为了防止重复或引起歧义。如： The m
19、an that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.在会上发言的那个人是我们的新校长，他来自。 5领先行词是I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语之中)。如： He who plays with fire gets burned玩火者必自焚。 6先行词如是指成员的集体名词，关系代词也用who。如： The family，who live upstairs，are fond of music住在楼上的那一家人喜欢音乐。 7who还可以引导非限制性定语从句。如： He，who le
20、d the United States through these years，was shot on April 14，1865 他(林肯)领导美国度过这些年，于1865年4月14日被人枪杀。 8先行词如是拟人化名词，关系代词也可用who。如： You will see the worker ants，who gather food for themselves and for all the others 你会看到工蚁，他们为自己和其他的蚂蚁采集食物。 9先行词指特定的人时，关系代词多用who，不指特定的人时多用that。如： The aunt who came to see us las
21、t week is my fathers sister 上周来看我们的那个姑姑是我父亲的姐姐。 People that have not been properly trained cant do this kind of work 没有受过适当训练的人做不了这种工作。 考点四 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词有when，where，why，作用有三个：连接主句与从句；代替先行词；在从句中作状语，不可省略。when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。why只能引导限制性定语从句。这些关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的“介词+which结构。 1when=atinondur
22、ing which，在定语从句中作时间状语。如： Tell me the time when(=at which)the train leaves告诉我火车离站的时间。 July，when(=in which)we can go home for a rest，is coming soon 七月份很快就到了，那时我们就可以回家休息了。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 我仍旧记得我第一次来的那天。 Well never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm 我们
23、永远也忘不了在农场劳动时的那段快乐时光。 注意 当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不能用when。如： His aunt is going to Beijing in October，which is the best season there(which指Octoher，在从句中作主语) I will never forget the days(thatwhich)I spent with your family(thatwhich指days，在从句中作宾语) ItThisThat+be+the firstsecondlast time that.句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用w
24、hen代替，that还可省略。从句中使用与“be动词照应的完成形式。 It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall这是我第一次去长城。 That was the last time that I had seen him那是我最后一次看见他。 2where表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它在定语从句中作地点状语。如： This is the school where(=at which)I used to teach 这是我曾经教学的那所。 What is the name of the town where(=in whic
25、h)we stayed last night? 我们昨天晚上留宿的那个镇叫什么名字? Think of a place where(=to which)we can go for dinner想一个我们可以去吃晚餐的地方。 注意 引导词where可用that替换，并经常可以省略。 Thats the place(wherethat)we went before 那就是我们以前去过的地方。 当表示地点的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不用where，用关系代词that或which。如： The factory thatwhich we visited yesterday was built las
26、t year 昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。(visit为及物动词，从句缺宾语) 比拟： The factory where he works was built last year 他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。(work为不及物动词，从句中不缺少宾语。where=in which在从句中作地点状语。) where可与from连用。如： His head soon appeared out of one of the second story windows，from where he could see nothing but trees 不一会儿，他从二楼的一个窗口探出头来，除了树林外
27、，他从那儿什么也看不见。 3why表原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。why可用that或for which替换或省略。如： I dont know the reason(whyfor whichthat)he left here 我不知道他为什么离开这儿。 There are several reasons why we cant do that有几个原因使我们不能那样做。 试比拟： I didnt know the reason why he was late(why引导的定语从句) The reason why he was late was that his wife was il
28、l(why引导的定语从句；that引导的表语从句，不能换成because) His wife was very illThats why he was late(why引导的表语从句) He was lateIt was because his wife wasvery ill in bed(because引导的表语从句；It不能换成The reason) 考点五 介词与关系代词 (1)依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。如： I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved 我买了很多书，这
29、些书花了我积攒的所有钱。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。如： Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country 我永远不会忘记孩童时期我在乡村度过的时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如： The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen 这种无色的气体称为氧气，离开了它我们不能活。 (4)在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加上关系词。如： Here is the money with which t
30、o buy a piano(=Here is the money with which we can buy a piano)这就是买钢琴的钱。 She is the right person on whom to depend(=She is the right person whom we can depend on)她是值得信赖的人。 She had only $187 with which to buy Jim a present 她仅有187美元给吉姆买一份礼物。 She had no time left in which to pack her things她没有时间把东西打包。
31、The bank has purchased some property on which to construct a new building 这个银行已购置了一些地皮准备在上面盖一座新的大楼。 Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes 给我一分钟时间让我换换衣服。 The poor man has no house in which to live那个穷人没有房子住。 例 Franks dream was to have his own shop to produce the workings of his own hands A
32、that Bin which Cby which Dhow 解析 此题考查“介词+which+不定式，此结构作定语修饰名词shop，与shop相搭配的介词应为in。注意：这种结构中介词一定要提前；关系代词常用which，不用其他关系代词。这是which的特殊用法，一定要多留心注意。 答案 B 2关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词的位置 (1)关系代词whom，which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。如： The athlete to whom you talked is a famous long-di
33、stance canner 你与之谈话的那名运发动是著名的长跑运发动。 The person whom you just talked to is Mr Li.刚刚与你谈话的人是李先生。 (2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如： Is this the watch which he is looking for?这是他正在寻找的那块表吗? The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now 护士们正在照料的那位老人现在身体已经非常好了。 注意 有些“动词+介词习语不可把介词置于关系代词前。如果介词提
34、前，将会失去动词习语的意义。如我们不可说： This is the right tape for which Im looking这就是我正在找的磁带。 (而应改为：This is the right tape which Im looking for) 常用的不可拆开的动词习语有： care for喜欢、关心 deal with处理、对付、处置、论述 get through渡过难关 hear fromofabout收到某人的来信听说 look forafter寻找照顾 send for派人去请 see to照顾、料理 (3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在
35、从句中有关动词的后面。如： The city that she lives in is very far away?她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。如： The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person 我父亲工作的那个公司的老板是一个非常和蔼的人。 3“名词数词代词+介词+关系代词结构常见的形式有：名词onetwosomenoneallbothseveralmanymosta fewa littlethe+比拟级the+最高级.+of+whichwhom
36、。如： Here are the questions，some of which(=of which some)I thought are difficult for you 就是这些问题，其中一些我认为对你来说太难。 There are forty students in our class，most of whom(=of whom most)are from the South 我们班有四十名学生其中大局部来自南方。 I have two sistersboth of whom are teachers 我有两个姐姐，她们都是 The house the windows of which
37、 were damaged has now been repaired 窗子遭破坏的那座房子现在已经修好了。 last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it 上周，只有两个人来看这个房子，两人都不想买它。 区别下面的句子： I have many friends，some of whom are businessmen(定语从句) I have many friends，of whom some are businessmen(定语从句) I have many frien
38、ds；some of them are businessmen(并列句) I have many friends，and some of them are businessmen.(并列句) 我有很多朋友，其中有几个是商人。 考点六 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句对先行词起到限定、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，如果省去，剩下的局部意义就会不完整或不清楚。如： Those who want to go please put up your hands想去的人请举手。 A man who doesnt try to learn from others cant ho
39、pe to achieve much 个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多少成就的。 2非限制性定语从句只对先行词作进一步的说明和描述，如果省去，剩余的局部仍然意义完整，表达清楚。非限制性定语从句的前后往往有逗号与其余局部隔开。如： DrBrown，who lives next door，comes from America 布朗医生住在隔壁，他来自美国。 注意 专有名词具有“独一无二的含义，因而它通常只能由非限制性定语从句来修饰。如： Hangzhou，which we visited last year，is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
40、 我们去年参观了，它是中国最美的城市之一。 有时候，一个定语从句既可以作为限制性定语从句又可以作为非限制性定语从句，但两者的含义不同。如： There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China 这个班里有二十位来自中国东北的学生。(班里可能还有其他学生) There are 20 students in this class，who are from the northeast of China 这个班里有二十位学生，他们来自中国的东北。(班里共有二十位学生) 由以上例子可见：非限制性定语从句表达的意义含
41、“唯一性，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and.替换。如： They will fly to Kunming，where(=and there)they will stay for two or three days 他们将飞往 ，并将在那里呆上两三天。 that不能引导非限制性定语从句。其他引导限制性定语从句的关系代词、关系副词皆可引导非限制性定语从句(why通常也不引导非限制性定语从句)，且不可省去。 which引导的非限制性定语从句，除在从句中可作主语、宾语及表语外，还可用作定语，起到限定词(thisthatthesethose)的作用，但其前面必须有介词。如： He lost
42、 his temper，at which point I decided to go home 他发起脾气来，此时我决定回家。(作限定词) His son insisted on joining the army，in which case he had to give in 他的儿子坚持要参军，在这种情况下他只好让步。(作限定词) 考点七 定语从句的主谓一致 1关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如： The recorder that has been given to me is homemade 别人给我的那台录
43、音机是国产的。 I，who am your classmate，will share the work with you 我是你的同学，要和你分担这项工作。 2“one of+复数名词位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从旬的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the，the only，the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。如： He is one of the students who have made great progress 他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 MrWang is the only one of my friends who has been invi
44、ted to have dinner with us 王先生是我的朋友中唯一被请来和我们共进晚餐的人。 考点八 定语从句的插入语现象 在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，它丝毫不影响定语从句的正常语序及主谓一致。如： I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly 我建议你选择一位你认为善良而友好的人。 I went to Xiao Wangwho I knew was ready to help me at any time 我去找小王，我知道他随时都会乐意帮助我的。 You should give a ring to Tom first，who Im afraid will not come 你应该先给汤姆打个 ，