《(完整版)温州大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(完整版)温州大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、(完整版)温州大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目高层建筑结构探索住宅3 学院建工学院专业土木工程班级09土木本一学号09 (35) 学生姓名指导教师 温州大学教务处制 外文原文 Building Materials Selection and Specification Faeq A. A. Radwan Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, KKTC, Lefkosa, Mersin 10, Turkey Abstract:The limitations in the selection of the
2、building materials and to the sustainability of any building construction materials that can be used are presented. The practices and techniques that can be used in reducing and minimizing the environmental impacts of building are discussed. Recommendations of using secondary and recycled materials
3、in the construction of buildings are given. Framework for methods of assessment of the sustainability in building construction for environmental performance is presented. Key Words:Limitations, sustainability, environmental impacts, framework, climate. 1.Introduction There is an apparently unbounded
4、 range of possibilities for the selection of building materials for the construction of structures of almost any shape or stature. Its quality will affect the structure function and long life, and requirements may differ with climate, soil, site size, and with the experience and knowledge of the des
5、igner. The factors that , manufacturing processes, and the transportation of the materials to the project site the environment. These include the disruption of the building occupants manufacture, construction of buildings and the use of building materials make a significant environmental impact inte
6、rnally, locally and globally. But it is not easy to deliver information to make adequate inclusion decisions considering the whole life cycle of a building. Decisions on sustainable building integrate a number of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. Selectio
7、n of sustainable building materials represents an important strategy in the design of a building. 2. Sustainability In recent years, the concept of sustainability the subject of much disputation by academics and professionals alike. In 1987, the World Conference on Environment and Development define
8、d sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987).Sustainability must address ecological impacts, regardless of conflicting interpretations of the WCED definition. A good sustainabl
9、e product must give as much satisfaction as possible for the user. If not, it will be unsuccessful on the market and an economic failure. It is also important to inform people as to what basis a certain product is considered to be sustainable or not and why they should buy it 4- 5. When developing a
10、 new product, it is illustrative to move between the three corners Ecology, Equity and Economy in order to obtain a suitable balance so that each category can be fulfilled in the best way. Ecology (environmental protection). Equity (social equity). Economy (economic growth). 2.1 Materials Selection
11、and Sustainability Among the notable technological developments of the 20th century the development of tens of thousands of new materials for use in construction and engineering. The construction industry to the point where it is a very large consumer of energy and materials. Concern for the environ
12、ment and the impact of activity on the Earths ecological systems and the environmental consequences of their use. Environmentalists dioxide values, and so on. Engineers methods for the choice of materials. These techniques will be reviewed and explored in an attempt to provide an environmentally-awa
13、re, materials selection method- logy for use in construction. Strictly, the term sustainable means that something is capable of being sustained not for an is that if some process which uses materials and energy is described as sustainable, then the materials and energy which are consumed are capable
14、 of being replaced by natural or other processes as fast as they are consumed. In many cases materials and energy appear to be consumed at a faster rate than they are being replaced. However, to make a judgment, we would need to know what the respective supply and consumption rates are in other word
15、s we need some quantitative or numerical index to uses such large quantities of materials, it the environment. In order to assess and evaluate such impact, a number of criteria or indices devised by economists, engineers and environmentalists, and the more important of these are the following 2. 2.2
16、.1 Embodied Energy This is quite simply the amount of energy consumed in manufacturing a unit quantity of a material, and it is usually expressed in kJkg. Its value is determined by the efficiency of the manufacturing plant. Values range from 275 GJtonne for aluminum (a Dioxide Embodied C02 is simil
17、ar to embodied energy. It is the weight of C02 emitted during manufacture of unit weight of the material, and is usually expressed as kg of C02 per ton.Again, the value will depend upon the efficiency of the manufacturing plant 2. 2.2.3 Ecological Rucksack The ecological rucksack concept was devised
18、 as a way of assessing material efficiency by F. Schmidt一Bleek 6. He recognized that many tonnes of raw material could be extracted and processed to make just one kilogram of material. For example, the environmental rucksack for 2.3 Rational Selection Method There are various approaches to the probl
19、em of selecting materials from the talk to their colleagues, previous, similar designs. All these are valid approaches, but they may result in the specification of a less than ideal material and overall, a less than optimal solution to the problem 3-5. The basis of the rational selection methods dev
20、ised to date is a recognition that the performance of a component, artifact or structure is limited by the properties of the materials from which it is made. It will be rare for the performance of the item to depend solely on one material property; in nearly all cases, it is a combination of propert
21、ies, which is important. To give an example, in lightweight design, strength to weight ratio of, and stiffness to weight ratio Epwill be important. Ref. 3 these maps, each class of material occupies a field in material property space, and sub-fields map the space occupied by individual materials. Th
22、ese materials property charts are very information-rich they carry a large amount of information in a compact but accessible form. Interestingly, they reveal correlations between material properties, which can checking and estimating data, and they can also be used in performance optimization, in a
23、manner such as that set out as follow. If we consider the complete range of materials, it immediately becomes apparent that for each property of an engineering material there is a characteristic range of values, and this range can be very large. For example, consider stiffness (Youngs Modulus E). Ma
24、terials range from jelly (very low stiffness) up to diamond (very span five decades (orders of magnitude), A number of conclusions can be drawn, including: (1) A rational selection method such the one put forward by Ashby is capable of incorporating environmental parameters such as embodied energy a
25、nd C02 or the environmental rucksack concepts, thereby making possible rational selections based on environmental considerations. (2) This method is not as simple to use as the environmental preference method or the environmental profiles method. However, this rational method could be used to genera
26、te data for the environmental profiles and preference methods. (3) The construction industry needs to take steps to better integrate itself into the materials cycle. The quantity of demolition waste needs to be reduced, and more of it should be recycled. To this end, the building designers need to k
27、eep full records of materials of construction, and buildings need to be designed for easy dismantling at the end of their useful lives. 3. Foundations and Construction Component In any consideration of which building materials and alternatives can feasibly be integrated into the foundations of a lar
28、ge-scale development there are several limitations that must be considered. In terms of the actual materials that may be used, there are three main limitations. First, because of the large scale and is climate. In areas with sub-zero winter conditions, frost . For this reason, foundations must be de
29、ep enough to support the structure despite any changes in near-surface volume; shallow foundations will be insufficient unless certain innovative steps are taken. The limitation of climate also influences any decision on insulating foundations. Finally, there is the consideration of cost. This consi
30、deration is reliant on material availability, cost per unit, and building techniques and associated labor. For these reasons, the only materials that can feasibly be used are concrete and steel. Therefore, the alternatives for minimizing impact lie more in the methods of construction and any realist
31、ic structural changes that can be made. The three main foundation components of concrete, steel, and insulation will be examined as the only reasonable materials for the construction of a building with limitations such as the foundations 1. 3.1 Concrete It is the fundamental component of the foundat
32、ion construction, receiving the building loads through walls or posts and distributes them down and outwards through the footings. Concrete and cement general) chemical inertness 8. The life cycle concerns of concrete are as follows. First, there is land and , transportation, and manufacture. Carbon
33、 dioxide emissions are also a negative environmental impact accrued through the production and use of concrete. Similarly, dust and particulate are emitted at most stages of the concrete life-cycle. $oth carbon dioxide and particulate matter air quality 1. Water pollution is also another concern ass
34、ociated with the production of concrete at the production phase. Fly ash is by-product of the energy production from coal-fired plants and increasing its proportion in cement is environmentally beneficial in two ways. First, it reducing the amount of solid waste which requires disposal. As well, fly
35、 ash in the cement mixture reduced the overall energy use by changing the consistency of the concrete. Fly ash, increases concrete strength, improves sulfate foundation, decreases permeability, reduced the water ratio required, and improves the pump ability and workability of the concrete 9. Now in
36、the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency requires that all buildings that receive federa funding contain fly ash and most concrete producer: of fly ash into the cement mixture, and the use of pre-cast foundation systems to reduce resource use. Through consideration and possible integra
37、tion of these alternatives, impacts could potentially be reduced. 3.2 Steel As wood resources are becoming limited, steel is increasingly popular with builders. In the case of a large-scale building, steel reinforcement is basically a necessity for overall strength and weight distribution. The initi
38、al life cycle impacts of steel use are similar to those of concrete. These include land and from materials acquisition and manufacture 1. However, the largest proportion of steel used nowadays contains a percentage of recycled materials. In terms of improving environmental conditions by reducing imp
39、acts, this is the only real recommendation for the use of steel in building foundations; to purchase recycled steel products. Not only would this reduce industrial and commercial solid waste, such a decision would also reward the manufacturers of such products. 3. 3 Insulation New and innovative pre
40、-cast building foundations are becoming increasingly available and feasible for implementation. These new systems can reduce the overall raw material use, as well as conserve energy through the creation of an efficient building envelope. A further used of this rigid insulation as a skirt around the
41、building foundations systems is increased. Also, in soils where frost and drainage is a consideration additional piles in the centre of the foundation may be required to prevent movement. This increases the relative land disturbance, although it remains still much less than that of deep foundation s
42、ystems. Shallow foundations are structurally sound and are becoming increasingly common in colder climates. There are strength considerations associated with these new techniques which must be addressed by someone with the technical ability to do so, before they can be feasibly recommended for the b
43、uilding of the new residence. As discussed above, there are limitations to the sustainability of any foundation construction materials used. In other words, there are environmental impacts associated with all types of foundations. For these reasons, a primary recommendation is the use of secondary m
44、aterials (fly ash and recycled steel) in the construction of foundations. 4. Framework The material components of the building envelope, that is, the foundation, wall construction, insulation and roof, analyzed within a framework of primarily qualitative criteria that aim to evaluate the sustainabil
45、ity of alternate materials relative to the materials cited in the current foundation design. This analytical process of several construction materials that can be feasibly integrated into current design and construction standards of the building envelope. The tools and strategies described below are useful in analyzing the