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1、i. source and effective date of gatt provisions_THE GENERAL AGREEMENTON TARIFFS AND TRADEThe Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Kkingdom of Belgium, the United States of Brazil, Burma, Canada, Ceylon, the Republic of Chile, the Republic of China, the Republic of Cuba, the Czechoslovak
2、 Republic, the French Republic, India, Lebanon, the Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Kingdom of Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, Syria, the Union of South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America:
3、Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, developing the full use of the resources of the world an
4、d expanding the production and exchange of goods,Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in in
5、ternational commerce,Have through their Representatives agreed as follows:PART IArticle IGeneral Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment1.With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for
6、 imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* any advantage, favour, privilege or
7、 immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Ar
8、ticle shall not require the elimination of any preferences in respect of import duties or charges which do not exceed the levels provided for in paragraph 4 of this Article and which fall within the following descriptions:(a)Preferences in force exclusively between two or more of the territories lis
9、ted in Annex A, subject to the conditions set forth therein; (b)Preferences in force exclusively between two or more territories which on July 1, 1939, were connected by common sovereignty or relations of protection or suzerainty and which are listed in Annexes B, C and D, subject to the conditions
10、set forth therein;(c)Preferences in force exclusively between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba;(d)Preferences in force exclusively between neighbouring countries listed in Annexes E and F.3.The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to preferences between the countries former
11、ly a part of the Ottoman Empire and detached from it on July 24, l923, provided such preferences are approved under paragraph 5_ of Article XXV, which shall be applied in this respect in the light of paragraph 1 of Article XXIX._The authentic text erroneously reads sub-paragraph 5 (a).4.The margin o
12、f preference* on any product in respect of which a preference is permitted under paragraph 2 of this Article but is not specifically set forth as a maximum margin of preference in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement shall not exceed:(a)in respect of duties or charges on any product de
13、scribed in such Schedule, the difference between the most-favoured-nation and preferential rates provided for therein; if no preferential rate is provided for, the preferential rate shall for the purposes of this paragraph be taken to be that in force on April 10, l947, and, if no most-favoured-nati
14、on rate is provided for, the margin shall not exceed the difference between the most-favoured-nation and preferential rates existing on April 10, 1947;(b)in respect of duties or charges on any product not described in the appropriate Schedule, the difference between the most-favoured-nation and pref
15、erential rates existing on April 10, 1947. In the case of the contracting parties named in Annex G, the date of April 10, 1947, referred to in sub-paragraph (a) and (b) of this paragraph shall be replaced by the respective dates set forth in that Annex.Article IISchedules of Concessions1.(a)Each con
16、tracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.(b)The products described in Part I of the Schedule relating to any contracting party, which
17、are the products of territories of other contracting parties, shall, on their importation into the territory to which the Schedule relates, and subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications set forth in that Schedule, be exempt from ordinary customs duties in excess of those set forth and provi
18、ded therein. Such products shall also be exempt from all other duties or charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with the importation in excess of those imposed on the date of this Agreement or those directly and mandatorily required to be imposed thereafter by legislation in force in the im
19、porting territory on that date.(c)The products described in Part II of the Schedule relating to any contracting party which are the products of territories entitled under Article I to receive preferential treatment upon importation into the territory to which the Schedule relates shall, on their imp
20、ortation into such territory, and subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications set forth in that Schedule, be exempt from ordinary customs duties in excess of those set forth and provided for in Part II of that Schedule. Such products shall also be exempt from all other duties or charges of an
21、y kind imposed on or in connection with importation in excess of those imposed on the date of this Agreement or those directly or mandatorily required to be imposed thereafter by legislation in force in the importing territory on that date. Nothing in this Article shall prevent any contracting party
22、 from maintaining its requirements existing on the date of this Agreement as to the eligibility of goods for entry at preferential rates of duty.2.Nothing in this Article shall prevent any contracting party from imposing at any time on the importation of any product:(a)a charge equivalent to an inte
23、rnal tax imposed consistently with the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article III* in respect of the like domestic product or in respect of an article from which the imported product has been manufactured or produced in whole or in part;(b)any anti-dumping or countervailing duty applied consistently w
24、ith the provisions of Article VI;*(c)fees or other charges commensurate with the cost of services rendered.3.No contracting party shall alter its method of determining dutiable value or of converting currencies so as to impair the value of any of the concessions provided for in the appropriate Sched
25、ule annexed to this Agreement.4.If any contracting party establishes, maintains or authorizes, formally or in effect, a monopoly of the importation of any product described in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement, such monopoly shall not, except as provided for in that Schedule or as o
26、therwise agreed between the parties which initially negotiated the concession, operate so as to afford protection on the average in excess of the amount of protection provided for in that Schedule. The provisions of this paragraph shall not limit the use by contracting parties of any form of assista
27、nce to domestic producers permitted by other provisions of this Agreement.*5.If any contracting party considers that a product is not receiving from another contracting party the treatment which the first contracting party believes to have been contemplated by a concession provided for in the approp
28、riate Schedule annexed to this Agreement, it shall bring the matter directly to the attention of the other contracting party. If the latter agrees that the treatment contemplated was that claimed by the first contracting party, but declares that such treatment cannot be accorded because a court or o
29、ther proper authority has ruled to the effect that the product involved cannot be classified under the tariff laws of such contracting party so as to permit the treatment contemplated in this Agreement, the two contracting parties, together with any other contracting parties substantially interested
30、, shall enter promptly into further negotiations with a view to a compensatory adjustment of the matter.6.(a)The specific duties and charges included in the Schedules relating to contracting parties members of the International Monetary Fund, and margins of preference in specific duties and charges
31、maintained by such contracting parties, are expressed in the appropriate currency at the par value accepted or provisionally recognized by the Fund at the date of this Agreement. Accordingly, in case this par value is reduced consistently with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary
32、Fund by more than twenty per centum, such specific duties and charges and margins of preference may be adjusted to take account of such reduction; provided that the Contracting Parties (i.e., the contracting parties acting jointly as provided for in Article XXV) concur that such adjustments will not
33、 impair the value of the concessions provided for in the appropriate Schedule or elsewhere in this Agreement, due account being taken of all factors which may influence the need for, or urgency of, such adjustments.(b)Similar provisions shall apply to any contracting party not a member of the Fund,
34、as from the date on which such contracting party becomes a member of the Fund or enters into a special exchange agreement in pursuance of ArticleXV.7.The Schedules annexed to this Agreement are hereby made an integral part of Part I of this Agreement.PART IIArticle III*National Treatment on Internal
35、 Taxation and Regulation1.The contracting parties recognize that internal taxes and other internal charges, and laws, regulations and requirements affecting the internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use of products, and internal quantitative regulations requirin
36、g the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions, should not be applied to imported or domestic products so as to afford protection to domestic production.*2.The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting pa
37、rty shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. Moreover, no contracting party shall otherwise apply internal taxes or other internal charges to imported or domest
38、ic products in a manner contrary to the principles set forth in paragraph 1.*3.With respect to any existing internal tax which is inconsistent with the provisions of paragraph 2, but which is specifically authorized under a trade agreement, in force on April 10, l947, in which the import duty on the
39、 taxed product is bound against increase, the contracting party imposing the tax shall be free to postpone the application of the provisions of paragraph 2 to such tax until such time as it can obtain release from the obligations of such trade agreement in order to permit the increase of such duty t
40、o the extent necessary to compensate for the elimination of the protective element of the tax.4.The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of nati
41、onal origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charges which are based exclusi
42、vely on the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nationality of the product.5.No contracting party shall establish or maintain any internal quantitative regulation relating to the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions which requires, direct
43、ly or indirectly, that any specified amount or proportion of any product which is the subject of the regulation must be supplied from domestic sources. Moreover, no contracting party shall otherwise apply internal quantitative regulations in a manner contrary to the principles set forth in paragraph
44、 1.*6.The provisions of paragraph 5 shall not apply to any internal quantitative regulation in force in the territory of any contracting party on July 1, 1939, April 10, 1947, or March 24, l948, at the option of that contracting party; Provided that any such regulation which is contrary to the provi
45、sions of paragraph 5 shall not be modified to the detriment of imports and shall be treated as a customs duty for the purpose of negotiation.7.No internal quantitative regulation relating to the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions shall be applied in such a man
46、ner as to allocate any such amount or proportion among external sources of supply.8.(a)The provisions of this Article shall not apply to laws, regulations or requirements governing the procurement by governmental agencies of products purchased for governmental purposes and not with a view to commerc
47、ial resale or with a view to use in the production of goods for commercial sale.(b)The provisions of this Article shall not prevent the payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers, including payments to domestic producers derived from the proceeds of internal taxes or charges applied cons
48、istently with the provisions of this Article and subsidies effected through governmental purchases of domestic products.9.The contracting parties recognize that internal maximum price control measures, even though conforming to the other provisions of this Article, can have effects prejudicial to the interests of contracting parties supplying imported products. Accordingly, contracting parties applying such measures shall take account of the interests of exporting contracting parties with a view to avoiding to the fullest practicable extent such prejudicial effects.10.The provisions of thi