《2022年英语词汇学期末考试复习资料x .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年英语词汇学期末考试复习资料x .pdf（9页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning andsyntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic
2、 units which can occur on its own in speechor writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features
3、associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5)limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function andsituation;6)the degree of probability of encountering
4、 that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation 英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation 派生法 /词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un-pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 9 页
5、Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is aletter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one
6、 wordclass is transferred to another word class without any concomitant （伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. ( 零位派生 )eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is anative(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve c
7、ompactness and efficiency, accuracy andspecificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word isderived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelanguage. This process
8、is considered to be the opposite process of affixation.eg:bookkeeperbookkeeping babysitbabysitting burgleburglar laselaser9.Abbreviation :缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping,initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in useand for this reason they
9、 are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece ofthe old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end ofthe word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded asinformal.eg:phone(telephon
10、e),copter(helicopter),quake(earthquake)taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母 缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words andpronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very importantperson), BP(beautiful people)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 9
11、页Acronym首字母拼音 词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic TreatyOrganization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts oftwo words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are calledblends. Blends
12、tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers ofjournalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail： flaunt:flout+vaunt,blunt:blind+stunt,H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb,squash:squeeze+crash,hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,/word+tail:workfare:wor
13、k+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing外来语Coinage新生词Invention 创造法13.Compoundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct anew word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefl
14、yand it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is myson. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaningmore briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards.14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of
15、 a word or lexical item that relates it tophenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning thanwith conceptual meaning, they all h
16、ave the same open-ended, variable character.They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 9 页Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, or the mental content attached
17、 to the core meaning. Theseassociations show people s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation inmeaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser orperson addressed, the locati
18、on, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive featuresform the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features areclearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker s emotions, feelings and attitudes towardsthe p
19、erson or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of theconceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using properintonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express aff
20、ective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a personthinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may bedistinguished by the range of lexical terms they coll
21、ocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which themessage is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features orcomponents, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic featuresanalys
22、is.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep
23、forever, adjustmentdownward, landscape architect, smelly精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 9 页18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes 语义转 化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degr
24、adationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings aredefined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding theseconnections that we arrive at our
25、 understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as otherwords are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词B. Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradableanto
26、nyms层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictoryantonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy-the kind of relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure largeparts of a lan
27、guage s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget s Thesaurussuggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy -the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy ofsuperordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy同形同音异 义词Homonyms refer to words which are
28、written in thesame way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 9 页into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs:同形异 义词words that have the same spelling but differ in soundand meaning.b. Homophones:同音
29、异 义词words that have the same phonological form butdiffer in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which showstheir relationship to one another. The semantic field arrangement brings togetherwords that share the same seman
30、tic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resourcesavailable for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciateoften elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness:复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They aremultiword lexical
31、items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag,etc.2)Structural stability :稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlikefree phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whosecomponents cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3) Seman
32、ticunity:统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning ofan idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom isnot transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativityinidiom:Replacement/substitution,addition,permutation, deletionThe application of i
33、dioms: Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life ofEnglishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popularsports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device 衔接手段 (links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion 词汇衔 接Discour
34、se is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unifiedcorn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 9 页23.词汇衔 接手段 reiteration （复 现） and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which w
35、ork on the organization of coherentdiscourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationshipthat can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broadsub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation andorganization of disco
36、urse.Reiteration复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentencethat by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate someelement(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As aform of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repet
37、ition of an identical lexicalitem, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym ornear-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy借喻etc. They serveto show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Colloca
38、tion搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with oneanother, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic
39、 techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms,grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues : cues based
40、 on relationships among the various parts of theinformation. e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization andexamples, restatements, definitions, etc.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 9 页World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant s experience and knowledg
41、eof the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.26.Using mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying,writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of hisactive vocabulary.2) Linking with
42、prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one,connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semanticmapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semanticrelations or logical connections.
43、e.g. grass green, school students, hit ball, swim pool, apple fruit, irritated annoyed, dead alive, baby mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with otherwords and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of i
44、t?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherentdiscourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion,reiteration involves the repetition of an identic
45、al lexical item, the use of a generalword to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use ofsuperordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventionsand co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a coverterm for the cohesion
46、 that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are insome way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur insimilar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot,goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in th
47、e talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cards精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 9 页29.Using DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading,
48、 ortranslating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess fromcontext./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate./ Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use,collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known wor
49、ds needed to speak,write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of knownwords. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a knownone./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledgeof partly known words, including etymology.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 9 页