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1、段落的秘密一、 英文段落的基本结构:“文有定法“a) B:background 背景句b) T:Topic Sentence 主题句c) E:Explanation 解释句d) E: Example 丼例子e) C: Conclusion 总结句二、 过渡词【心法】最好每句话都要用上过渡词!【范文 1】写一个段落感谢 Sue 老师Sue, needless to say, I thank you. First and foremost, there is no doubt that you taught so well that our English has been greatly imp
2、roved. Additionally, it is obvious that we learned a lot; consequently, we all have fallen in love with this beautiful language. Last but certainly not least, no one can deny we had a great time together, which we will keep in mind forever.【范文 2】写一个段落感谢你的妈妈。Mom, needless to say, I thank you. First a
3、nd foremost, there is no doubt that you love me so much that my life has been flooded with endless harmony and happiness. Additionally, it is obvious that you are doing whatever you can to(尽其所能去做某事) care about me so that I can enjoy a happy and healthy growth.Last but not least, no one can deny you
4、look after me every day, which I willcherish forever.【附】常用过渡词文章的过渡之所以必要,是因为写作时从一个时间到另一个时间、从一个地点到另一个地点、从一个人物到另一个人物、从一个事件到另一个事件,或者由于插叙和 倒叙的更替 、叙述和议论的变换、正面描写和侧面描写 的结合等多种情况 ,这就少不了过渡。过渡的实质是承上启下 ,就是在文章的结构上搭设 一 座逻辑的桥 ,把上下文所写 的两个内容衔接起来,使文章的思路自然通畅。要想过一条河方法很多可以游过去,可以乘船过去,还可以架桥过去至于选择哪种方法最合适,要根据河面的宽度、河水的深度而定。同样
5、,文章的句与句、段与段之间也有大大小小的河,其过渡方式也多种多样,若能恰到好处地选择,文章就能前后一贯、逻辑严密、结构紧凑。【最常用的段落框架】(1)On the one hand,. . On the other hand,. .(2)For one thing, . . For another, . .(3)First and foremost, . Additionally,./In addition,. Last but (certainly) notleast,. .(4)To begin/start with,. Moreover,. Furthermore,. / Whats m
6、ore,. Finally,.【十五大类过渡词】最佳学习方法:先把全部的学一遍,再挑出你自己写作时可能用到的背过!(1)表并列关系的过渡词:and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only . but also, both . and,either . or, neither . nor(2)表递进关系的过渡词:besides, in addition ( 加之, 除之外) , moreover (此外, 而且), what s more( 更重要的是) , what s worse(更糟糕的是)(3)表转折对比的过渡词:but, howeve
7、r, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary(相反), although,despite, in spite of, whereas(而) , unlike, nevertheless(然而) , not only . but also, years ago . today,the former. the latter, the first . Whereas the second, once . now, on theone hand .on the other hand, some . others(4)表原因的过渡词:becaus
8、e, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to(由亍)(5)表结果的过渡词:So, .; Thus,.; therefore,.; as a result,.; so that,.; then,.;hence ( 因此),.; so .that.; such . That . ;(6)表条件的过渡词:If = on condition that(条件是); as/so long as(叧要); unless;(7)表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, l
9、ater, afterwards ( 事后) , soon,lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly,at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, from now on, at present, immediately, the mom
10、ent(8)表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward( s) (后来) , meanwhile (几乎同时) , thereafter(在那以后) , last, finally,eventually(终亍)(9)表换一种方式表达的过渡词:In other words,.; That is to say,.; To put it another way,.;(
11、10)表进行丼例说明的过渡词:for instance, for example, like, such as,including,(11)表陈述事实的过渡词:in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth(12)表强调的过渡词:certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most importantly, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously(13)表比较的过渡词:like, unlike, in the same
12、 way, similarly, similar to(14)表目的的过渡词:for this reason, for this purpose(为此), so that, in order to, so as to(15)表总结的过渡词:in a word(总之, 简言之), in general, in short (总之), above all, after all,generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary【按照写作文时的具体用法分类】 有关“启” 的常用词语用亍引导主题句,或用亍
13、主题句的后面,引导第一个扩展句。first(ly)/ at first/ first of all 第一, 最初, 首先in the first place 首先, 第一at present /now 现在in the beginning 起初to begin/start with 首先, 第一for one thing 首先, (常与 for another 连用) (其次)on the one hand 一方面 (常与 on the other hand 连用) (另一方面)currently 目前lately/recently 最近in general/generally speakin
14、g 一般来说2 有关“承” 的常用词语用亍承接主题句, 或第一个 (或前一个) 扩展句。second(ly) 第二; 第二点third (ly) 第三; 第三点also/too 并且; 又, 也besides (this) 此外in addition 此外in addition to 除之外furthermore/ moreover/ what is more 而且,此外for another 其次for example /instance 例如as an example 例如namely 即, 就是then 然后of course 当然in other words 换句话说in partic
15、ular 特别,尤其in the same way 同样地after that 此后afterwards 此后after a few days 几天以后after a while 过了一会儿from now on 从此later 后来just as 正如similarly 同样地meanwhile/ at the same time 同时by this time 此时soon 不久consequently 结果3 有关 “转” 的常用词语用来表示不同或相反的情况after all 毕竟but 但是yet 仍,然而however 然而nevertheless 尽管,如此though / alth
16、ough 尽管如此despite / in spite of 尽管on the contrary 相反地unlike 与不同on the other hand 另一方面unfortunately 不幸地still 仍然in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上4 有关 “合” 的常用词语用亍小结段落中上文的内容, 引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束。Finally/at last 最后,终亍in brief /short 简言之in conclusion 总之in summary 摘要地说therefore 因此thus 因此to conclude/ summa
17、rize/ sum up 总而言之briefly 简单地说above all 最重要地as a result 结果as I have said 如我所述at length 最后, 终亍eventually 最终indeed 的确surely 无疑no doubt 毫无疑问truly 的确so 所以obviously 显然certainly 无疑5 表示过渡的词这类词同样可以起到增强句子连贯性和文章流畅的词。表示增加的过渡词: also, and, and then, too, in addition, besides, furthermore,moreover, again another,
18、above all,表示时间顺序的过渡词: now, then, before, after,afterwards, earlier,later,immediately, soon, next, in a few days, meanwhile, gradually, first, second,finally, till.表示空间顺序的过渡词 : near, near to, far, far from, in front of, beside,beyond,above,below,to theright, to the left, around, behind, on one side.表
19、示对比的过渡词: but,still, however, on the other hand,on the contrary, yet,in spite of,nevertheless表示比较的过渡词: in the same way, similarity, just like just as ,表示结果和原因的过渡词: because, since, so, as a result, therefore,then , hence,thus ,as.we often take examinations at school._, sometimes we have too many高考英语阅读
20、理解核心笔记阅读理解考你什么?“阅读理解不是考你看完文章乊后答出五道题,而是通过五道题看你能否读懂这篇文章!”【阅读理解文章中的三种信息】1、有效信息:主题、重点2、干扰信息:3、无效信息:非重点【读懂什么?】1、主题:(段、篇)2、重点:(读句子)读懂主题和重点,就相当于读懂一篇文章了!因此,阅读理解=抓主题+找重点!阅读理解要学什么?1、句子a) “三长两短一并列”i. 在阅读中:1. 精读各段首末句(读懂主题)2. 精读由题干关键词定位到的重点信息句(读懂重点)ii. 在完型中:精读每一句!b) “组件分析三步法”c) 作业:彻底读懂(消化)120 篇文章i. 黑笔:画括号、方框、三角i
21、i. 红笔:圈“挂钩单词”iii. 橙色荧光:固定搭配( )( )iv. 绿色荧光:生词2、段落【定义】“按照一定的逻辑组合在一起的句子的集合。”a) 分析句子的功能:i. B:Background 背景ii. T:Topic 主题iii. E:Explanation 解释iv. E: Example 例子v. C: Conclusion 总结b) “结构化”阅读法:最低目标:标出各段主题句最高目标:标出各句话的功能(BTEEC)【注】主题:某句、某段、某文章所指向的对象 主旨:对于主题的描述3、篇章a) 记叙文:关注“时间词”;“议论句”;”心情句”;(叙事说理)(叙事抒情)b) 说明文:关
22、注各段主题句i. 从不同方面说明一个事物ii. 从不同阶段说明一个事物c) 社会科学类:i. 社会现象/社会问题(负态度):个别一般分析原因建议措施总结展望ii. 社会生活片段:各段主题句1. 明确主题:2. 明确态度:(正态度)d) 自然科学类:i. 【自然现象】假说(理论)实验结论ii. 【科学实验】研究对象研究过程实验结论e) 应用文(广告):找!4、题型a) 主旨题i. main idea; purpose; titleii. “先主题,后主旨”iii. “假设法”:假设主旨是该选项,反推原文是否应当这样写;iv. “论点论据分析法”:四个选项中,总有两个选项比较抽象(论点);另外两个
23、选项比较具体(论据);此时,优先排除具体选项,再选择这两个具体选项所支持的抽象选项。v. 读:首段首句、首段尾句、每段首句、尾段尾句。b) 绅节题:找+读懂一句i. 关键词原则:1. 人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写;2. 核心名词;核心动词;形容词副词的比较级或最高级ii. 主题一致原则(对号入座)1. 利用题干主题和段落主题的对应关系,判断该题应该在哪一段。2. “先主题,后绅节”:正确选项应与段落及篇章主题契合。3. 答题时,一般不跨越段落寻找答案。iii. 顺序一致原则:1. 题目的先后顺序和对应的有效信息在原文中的顺序是基本一致的2. 当文章段落特别多的时候,可能有例外。iv
24、. 同义替换原则:1. 题干关键词或正确选项是原文句子的“同义替换”。2. 纯技巧:当句子读不懂时,选择跟原文信息“同义替换”的选项。5、选项a) 正确选项:符合主题、同义替换b)错误选项:【阅读理解七宗罪】(重要)1) 以偏概全:主旨题2) 偷换概念:原文中的 A 事物和选项中的 A 事物含义不同。(含有数字的选项)a) 张冠李戴:将文中两事物的属性搞混;b) 正反混淆:将原文含义颠倒黑白。c) 无中生有:选项含有与原文无关的内容(名、形、动、副)。3) 移花接木:跨段落设置干扰选项。4) 答非所问+照抄原文*:以原文某句话直接作答,但该句话无法回答所问的问题。5) 语法变异:a) “修饰词
25、程度”变异;b) “比较关系”变异;c) “时态”变异;6) 逻辑变异:a) 因果倒置b) 过度推断c) 绝对化(不合常识)7) 与主题不符:选项本身讲得很对,但并不是本文主要讨论的内容。【总结】阅读理解解题步骤:Step1:用“点面结合法”读文章,了解各段主题;首段首句,首段尾句,每段首句,尾段尾句。-如果首句后有 But;要看 but后的内容-如果首句后有 because;要看 because后的内容-如果有“自问自答”处,问题给主题,答语给主旨注:主要看名词,因为“核心名词 = 文章主题”。Step2:做细节题(找+/读一整句/+对照+排除)找:1、人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写字母;2、核心名词、核心动词、形容词副词的比较级和最高级技巧:“顺序一致原则”、”同义替换原则”Step3:做主旨题(假设法、论点论据分析法)【小技巧】1、注汉字的地方就是命题老师认为不得不读懂的地方!2、并列处先不读;并列处要么不选,要么全选;3、人名后面的身份不读;4、各种“过程”不读;