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1、 The Complex Sentences in Junior English: 初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾语从句宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句状语从句) 和和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句定语从句)。其它诸如。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。考中没有被列为重点考查范围。. The Object Cl
2、ause (宾语从句宾语从句) 宾语从句是英语复合句中用来充宾语从句是英语复合句中用来充当宾语的句子。当宾语的句子。 宾语从句一般由宾语从句一般由“引导词引导词+主语主语+谓语谓语+其它其它”构成，其语序是构成，其语序是陈述句语序陈述句语序. 1. that+陈述句的宾语从句陈述句的宾语从句例如例如: He says that_. (他想要和你通话他想要和你通话) Im sorry (that)_ 他现在不在这里他现在不在这里 that本身无意义本身无意义,不充当任何成分不充当任何成分,常被省略常被省略he wants to speak to you.he isnt here right no
3、w.Note: 1.宾语从句的宾语从句的否定转移否定转移：主句是主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡如：我认为鸡不会不会游泳。游泳。 I think chickens can not swim. ( ) I dont think chickens can swim. ( )此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。句要
4、看主句。试比较：试比较： I think he is wrong,_? He thinks he is right,_ ?isnt hedoesnt he2.if/whether + 一般疑问句的宾语从句一般疑问句的宾语从句 if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。在一般情况下可以互换。if 多用于口语和非正式文体中多用于口语和非正式文体中;whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：如： She asked me if/whether_. 我是否能帮助她我是否能帮助她 I dont know i
5、f/whether_ 是否将要下雨是否将要下雨I could help herit is going to rain.Note: 只用只用whether的四种情况：的四种情况：2. 直接与直接与or not连用时连用时 I dont know whether they will come or not .1. 在介词后在介词后 I m thinking of whether we should go fishing.3. Whether + 动词不定式动词不定式 Check the prices before you decide whether to buy one4. 宾语从句提前时只能用
6、宾语从句提前时只能用whether Whether this is true or not, I cant say.3. 连接代词连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和和 连接副词连接副词when, where how, why + 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 的宾语从句的宾语从句 例如例如: Do you know_? 谁下午将要来谁下午将要来 Did you hear_? 她说过什么吗她说过什么吗 We didnt know _ 她将什么时候回来她将什么时候回来 Who will come this afternoonwhat he saidwhen she wou
7、ld come back.连接代词连接代词/连接副词在宾语从句中充当一连接副词在宾语从句中充当一定的子成份定的子成份,不能省略不能省略 (主语主语)(宾语宾语)(状语状语) 关于宾语从句的时态对应关于宾语从句的时态对应*特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制受主句时态的限制He says that he _to see him as soon as possible.(want)He said that he _to see him as s
8、oon as possible.(want)The teacher told us that the earth _round the sun.(go)wantswantedgoes 主句主句 从句从句 1、一般现在时、一般现在时 A.过去的某一种时态过去的某一种时态 2、一般过去时、一般过去时 B.根据句意选择时态根据句意选择时态 宾语从句小结宾语从句小结1 1、_ _ 引导陈述句。引导陈述句。2 2、_引导特殊疑问句。引导特殊疑问句。3 3、_引导一般疑问句。引导一般疑问句。4 4、宾语从句要用、宾语从句要用_语序。语序。5 5、主句、从句时态要对应。、主句、从句时态要对应。that特殊疑
9、问特殊疑问词词if/whether陈述句陈述句. The Adverbial Clause (状语从句状语从句) 状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。When you get off the bus, you mustnt push others. (时间状语从句时间状语从句) 主句主句My mother will come if it doesnt rain tomorrow. 主句主句 ( 条件状语从句条件状语从句)1.由由when, while , before, after, until, as soon as not .until
10、引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句) 1)_, you mustnt push others. 当当你下车你下车时时 2) They had already had breakfast _在在他们上学他们上学之前之前When you get off the bus before they went to school3) They talked about the party _ 在在人们离开人们离开后后 after the people left. 4) I will wait _. 直到直到他来他来为止为止until he comes Note: 在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应
11、按下列在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列 规律确定。规律确定。1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. Please dont go to bed before you finish your h
12、omework.4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g. I liked reading when I was young.2. (地点状语从句地点状语从句) 1) Introduced by where e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it. 2) Introduced by wherever e.g. Ill go wherever you go.3. (原因状语从句原因状语从句) 1) Introduced by becausebecause语气最强，它着重说明原因。用语气最强，它
13、着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须提问的问句必须用用because回答，不能用回答，不能用as, since； e.g.-Why didnt he come? -Because he was ill. 2) Introduced by sincesince语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成楚了的因素，常译成“既然既然”，“鉴于鉴于”，通常从句放在主句，通常从句放在主句前；前； e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted t
14、o give John a chance. 3) Introduced by as as语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；e.g. As he didnt know the meaning of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary. Note: for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。e.g. The oil must be out, for the light went out. 4. (条件状语从句条件状语从句)1) 条件状语从句通常由条件状语从句通常由if或或unless(
15、=if not)引导，从句引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或或unless后的句子谓后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesnt come on time, we wont know what to know. He must come if he is told. Please let me know if he comes back. Ill go there unless it rains.5. (结果状语从句
16、结果状语从句) 1) Introduced by so thatThere are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by. 2) Introduced by sothat/suchthatHe walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. He made such a good report that everybody was pleased. 6. 比较状语从句比较状语从句 1) Introduced by asas/not soas;
17、than This question is not so difficult as I thought. The film is much better than we expected. 2) Introduced by The more, the more The more he heard the song, the less he liked it. The Attributive Clause (定语从句定语从句) 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词从句修饰的名词或
18、代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。之后，对其先行词起限定作用。 This is Tom. Tom gave us a talk yesterday. -This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday. 先行词 定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why 一一 、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e
19、.g. This is the doctor who saved her yesterday.2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town. 3. whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. He lives in the house whose window faces south. 二、二、that, which引导的
20、定语从句引导的定语从句它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们通常情况下，它们可以互换。可以互换。1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。在从句中作主语，不可省略。 e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。在从句中作宾语，可以省略。 e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用注
21、意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。且不能省略。 e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.知识拓展：知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词that和和which，在一般情况下，尽管，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用，而不用which： 1. 先行词是复合不定代词先行词是复合不定代词everything,
22、anything, nothing等时。等时。 e.g. She didnt forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.2. 先行词被序数词或先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。修饰时。e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school. / He is in the last row that is next to the window.3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g. That is the h
23、ighest building (that) I have ever seen.4. 先行词被先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。等修饰时。e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow. 5. 先行词是或被先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，等修饰时， e.g. Ive written down all (that )the teacher doesnt allow us to do. They havent got any dictionari
24、es (that) we need. 6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。先行词既包含人又包含物时。e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.7. 主句是以主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now? Which is the book that was stolen by him?三、关系副词三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句
25、 （在从句中作状语）（在从句中作状语）1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g. This is the village where he was born.c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g. Ill never forget the day when I joined the League.c.f. Ill never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g. The reason why he didnt come yesterday is quite clear.周末作业答案：周末作业答案：1-5 A B B D B6-10 D C B D C11-15 D B A A D16-20 A B B B C21-23 D C B