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1、The Modern Period现代主义时间： 1914-194 背景 background：1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and the rich was deepened; 2) The First World War and The Second World War happened, which influenced people greatly; 3) All kinds of phi
2、losophical ideas were produced. 特点 characters：1) Modernism rose out of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism; 2) The French symbolism heralded modernism; 3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base; 4) The major theme of Modernism are
3、 the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself; 5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and the tone is disillusioned.影响这一时期的哲学思想philosophical ideas influenced Modernism：1) Karl Marx s scientific
4、socialism; 2) Darwin s theory evolution -the social Darwinism survival of the fittest; 3) Einstein s theory of relativity; 4) Freud s analytical psychology; 5) The irrational philosophy. Why Modernism is different from Realism? 现代主义与现实主义的区别In many aspects, Modernism acts against Realism; 1) Modernis
5、m rejects rationalism, while Realism stresses it; 2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world; 3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it casts away all the traditional elements such as: story, chara
6、cter, etc. while Realism stresses it. 4) Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc.萧伯纳 George Bernard Shawa brilliant dramatist杰出的戏剧家Shaw wroted more than 50 plays精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 18 页鳏夫的房产、康帝坦、华伦夫人的职业、凯撒和克里奥特拉、圣女贞德、人与超人、皮克马利瓮、回到麦修色拉、苹果车主要
7、作品介绍：His criticism was witty, biting, and often brilliant. Widowers House 鳏夫的房产is a grotesquely荒诞地realistic exposure of slum贫民窟landlordism地主所有制 ; Mrs Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫 . These two can be
8、regarded as the typical representatives of Shaws early plays.The Apple Cart 苹果车(1929) is about politics; John Bulls Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿(1904) is about racial problems;Too True to Be Good难以置信(1932) is a better play of the later period, with the authors almost nihilistic betterness on the subjects
9、of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of Life Force, the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, an
10、d metaphysical problems of human society. 萧伯纳还创作了一系列话题，探索了 生命的力量 -一种能够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。他的艺术观点：Shaw was strongly against the credo 信条 of art for arts sake held by those decadent 颓废的 aesthetic 审美感的artists. he strongly condemned the well made but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English th
11、eater of the late 19th century to meet the low taste of the middle class. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.艺术应为社会服务，应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, politica
12、l and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。写作特色：One feature of Shaws characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. 人物塑造方面的特点是他不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。Another feature is that
13、Shaws characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view , that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines教条 . The forward motion consists not in unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2
14、页，共 18 页discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩）Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. 萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。选读作品： Mrs Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about
15、the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. John Galsworthy约翰 高尔斯沃瑞骑虎难下、财主、出租、现代喜剧、篇章末尾The Man of Properly (1906), established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. 作家特色：1.Galsworthy was a conventional 传统的 writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian n
16、ovelists of the critical realism 2.focusing on plot development and character portryal. 3.impartial presentation of the social life in a documentary记录片precision 精确 . 4.He was also successful in his attempt to present satire and humor in his writing. 5.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with
17、 a clear and straigtforward language. An Expert from Chapter 13 of The Man of Property故事梗概：tell the ups and downs of the Forsyte family from 1886 to 1926. This novel centers itself on the Soames-Irene-Bosinney triangle. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that
18、the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he considers everything in terms of ones property. Irene, his young and beautiful wife, on the contrary, loves art and cherishes noble ideals of life. But Soames never pays any attention to her thoughts and feelings; he takes her merely as part
19、 of his own property. Thus, Irene is not happy about her marriage. In order to please his wife, Soames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Like Irene, Bosinney is also interested in art and not in practical things in life. During the desighing and building of the hou
20、se, the two come to enjoy a great deal of each others company and finally fall in love with each other. Rumors arise and Soames wants his revenge. He sues Bosinney at the court for spending more money than stipulated. The conflict of the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 18 页trian
21、gle ends tragically with Bosinneys death in a car accident and Irenes leaving Soames for good.主题：The theme of this novel is that of the preominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships of the family with the underlying assuption that human relationships
22、of the contemporary English society are merely an extension of property relationshiips. 展示了菲尔赛特家族盛行的占有欲与惟利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到了家族内的人际关系。William Bulter YeatsW.B.Yeats (1865- 1939) was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dulin. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.获得诺贝尔文学奖His plays ar
23、e enjoyed more for the beauty of their language than for dramatic situations. As a matter of fact, his dramas are far less dramatic in force and in tension than his poetic works. Yeats is , first of all, remembered as a great poet. DOWN BY THE SALLEY GARDENS在阔叶柳花园旁边by William Butler Yeats Down by th
24、e salley gardens my love and I did meet;在柳园边我和我的爱人相见She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet.她那雪白娇小的脚走过柳园She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;她让我对爱情随缘，像树叶自然生长But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.但是我年轻幼稚不同意她的意见In a field by the river my love a
25、nd I did stand,在河边的田野里我和我爱的人并排站And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand.她将一只雪白的手放在我的肩头She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on the weirs;她让我对生活要随意像河堤上的青草But I was young and foolish, and now am full of tears.但是我年轻幼稚如今我热泪长流。主题： Originally entitled An Old Song Resung, with Yeats
26、footnote: This is an attempt to reconstruct重建an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballysodare, Sligo, who often sings them to herself.就是一位老村妇哼唱的老歌，他给改写了一下。The Lake Isle of Innisfree菌尼斯弗利岛by William Butler YeatsI will arise go now, and go to In
27、nisfree, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 18 页And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone in the bee-loud glade. And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from
28、the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnights all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnets wings. I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavemen
29、ts gray, I hear it in the deep hearts core.主题：Tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought （seek 寻找） to escape into an ideal fairyland where he could live calmly平静地as a hermit隐居者and enjoy the beauty of nature. 韵律： The poem consists of three quartrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab
30、. 艾略特 T.S.EliotEliots most famous poem, The Waste Land荒原 . 灰星期三Ash Wednesday 四个四重奏Four Quartets 衰老 一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法，而且艾略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。空洞的人The hollow man在主题上十分近似荒原，是艾略特最黑暗的诗。在著名散文传统与个人天才中，他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。The Waste Land荒原他的代表作不仅全面展现了现代西方社会在物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。 荒原一诗的主题是表现现代文明中
31、人们精神的堕落与崩溃，人生已经失去了意义。The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poem has developed a whole set of historical ,cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily
32、 a reflection of the 20th-century peoples disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. 这首诗的影响：The Waste Land, Eliots most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordswoths Lyrical Ballads. 精选学习资料 - - - -
33、- - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 18 页作家特色：(1)presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society 展现了现代西方社会的心理错乱和精神上的颓废。(2)reflects disillusion醒悟 and despair of a whole post war generation anguish痛苦 ,menace威吓 ,sterility思想贫乏had been afficting all sensitive members of
34、the postwar generation (3)concern with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning (4)reflects the 20th century peoples disillusion and frustration迷惑in a meaningless and boring wording As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the han
35、ding of language,Eliot had explorr in his early poetry various aspects of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年， 凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气，艾略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代西方文明在各个方面的衰败，传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。艾略特认为现代社会的弊病是没个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总和，只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。选读作品： The Love Songs of J.Alfred PrufrockThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is
36、Eliots most striking显著的early achievement. His first important poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, appeared in 1915. 他的第一首情歌JA. 布鲁富克劳的情歌于1915 年问世。It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an
37、 ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speakers incapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world.全诗的形式是戏剧独白dramatic monologue，暗示了虚假的 情歌 与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊的上流社会之间的讽刺性对照。劳伦斯 D.H.LawrenceDavid Herbert Lawrence 主要作品：虹the rainbow 恋爱中的女人women in
38、love儿子与情人The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920), are generally regarded as his masterpieces.被认为是代表作。his autobiographical自传体novel, Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人In Lawrences opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human fulfillment in marital relationship shad
39、ows of the disintegration and destructiveness of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional conflicts and psychological tensions of the characters劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展，爱情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 18 页expressed a strong reaction against the mech
40、anical civilization. one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individuals psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse. Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol o
41、f Life Force. makes a deliberate use of those four-letter words in his novels, declared that any repression of the sexual impulse based on social, religious, or moral values of the civilized world would cause severe damageds to the harmony of human relationships and the psychic health of the individ
42、uals personality. 写作特色： 重点中的重点1) Lawrence s interest lay in the psychological development of his character; 2) He criticized the dehumanizing effect of the capitalism industrialization on human which turned man into inhuman machines and unhealthy animal; 3) He believes the life impulse -the sexual i
43、mpulse was man s most important instinct, any conscious repression would cause distortion of the man s personality; 4) He explored the relationship of man and woman in psychology; 5) He believed the alienation and the perversion were caused by the desire for power and money.irony,humour and wit are
44、the characteristic featuress of many of the stories.讽刺，幽默，机智都是他短篇小说的特点。选读作品： Sons and Lovers儿子与情人故事大意 ：Mrs Morel , daughter of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed , intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner , Walter Morel, and married beneath
45、 her own class. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them starts to estrange them from each other. The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affection upon her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners; they will be edu
46、cated to realize her ideals of success, hapiness and social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong influence of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits, and see their father with their mothers eyes, despising their father whose personality degenerates step by step as
47、he feels his exclusion. 詹姆斯 .喬伊斯 James JoyceJoyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements. The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero s bitter experiences and final art
48、istic and spiritual liberation.1916年，乔伊斯第一部长篇小说艺术家年轻时代的肖像出版。小说的题目暗示着精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 18 页角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。写作特点：1. scene: the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, the same subject: the Irish people and their life 2. stream of c
49、onscienceness: presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues a literary form presenting psychological aspects of characters 3. style: straightforwardlucidlogicalleisurelyconcentrating on revealing in his nov
50、els the psychic being of the characters This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “ stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychi