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1、中考英语 考点精讲5名词名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1. 一般情况加s,如：pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其读音规那么是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:map-map ， boy-boys.2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus-buses
2、,class-classes,其读音为iz。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为iz。4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作z，如：factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy-boys,day-days。5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的那么只加s，如：tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,pian
3、o-pianos6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。7. 不规那么名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领
4、属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格那么必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers(二) 正误辨析误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数
5、名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时那么是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.误M
6、y glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses-眼镜，shoes-鞋，trousers-裤子等由两局部组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o结尾的名词大都是用加e
7、s来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时那么只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，那么不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a
8、lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys fam
9、ily are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，那么应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体那么应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即
10、汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good
11、.误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.
12、但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the
13、school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为房间，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林误There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名
14、词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish
15、, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服
16、，而cloth那么是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误We have five German in this meeting.正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 那么要加s，因为它
17、不是由国名与man的组合词。误There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，那么要用s即As，Is误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s误We have many woman teachers in our scho
18、ol.正We have many women teachers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brother-half brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in law-daughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man driver-men drivers(男司机) woman doctor-women doctors(女大夫)grown up-grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student-那么变为boy students误Physics are very difficult to l
19、earn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)误There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man in the room.析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有
20、police.要讲一个警察时那么要用a policeman, a policewoman。误Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个那么要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)误I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用
21、来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。误There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时那么可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。误There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格
22、，如果是单数名词那么加s如：Marys car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词那么只在s后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，那么只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如：girl friend -girl friends someone else-someone elses a week or three-a week or threes如名词后有同位语时，那么应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，那么在最后一个名词后
23、面加s，如果表示分别所有那么在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.那么应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty
24、 minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds weight价格名词：two dollarsworth拟人化的名词：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library误He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是
25、英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.误My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.误The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物那么要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。误The stories of the
26、 book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。误This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary.正This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.析one of意为之一，of后面的名词要用复数形式。误Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for su
27、pper.析uncle Wangs 意为王叔叔家，doctors意为医院或私人诊所。误I think we will make a friend with each other.正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。误I want to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many pieces of good news.析news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后那么要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I wa
28、nt to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.误The teacher with five students are coming here.正The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅
29、仅是teacher的修饰语。误There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it.析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.误Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单
30、数形式，但其意为许多学生。误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为布，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fin
31、e cloth.英文中的dress那么指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。误I like to study the English.正I like to study English.析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科那么要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.误The Browns is going to visit China.正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s
32、，那么意为Brown先生一家人。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。(三)中考英语名词复习例题解析1. Lucy and Lily_in the same class.A. am B. is C. are D. be2. Which is the _to the bus stop， please?A road B way C street D address3. Hurry up!There is_ time left.A little B a little C few D a few4. How many _can you see in the picture?
33、A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato5. -_is the meat. Please?-Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is_.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green7 Shanghai is one of the biggest_in our country.A city B city
34、s C citys D cities8 Would you please pass me_?A two paper B two papersC two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers9 September 10th is _Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers10 I only have_ bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few11 What would you like, Ann? Id like two_.A glas
35、s of milk B glasses of milkC glass of milks D glasses of milks12 There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _ for me?A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any13 June 1st is_.A Childrens day B childrens DayC Childrens Day D childrens day14 These foreign friends are_.A German B Germen C Germany D Germans15 All the students are busy, so_ of them will go to the cinema.A many B little C a few D few16 There are three_and seven_in the picture.A deers, sheeps B deers, sheepC deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps17 Whose room is this? Its_.A my B Kikes and JohnsC our D Kike and Johns