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1、总复习语法总复习语法一、名词一、名词1.名词分类名词分类:普通名词，专有名词。普通名词，专有名词。普通名词普通名词可数名词可数名词指单个人和物的个体名词指单个人和物的个体名词book, apple, child, boss指一群人或一些物的集体名词指一群人或一些物的集体名词police, clothes, family, team不不可数名词可数名词air, water, beef , love ,fire ,sand , wind.专有名词专有名词: 表示表示 人名，头衔，尊称，月份，节日，国家名，人名，头衔，尊称，月份，节日，国家名，地名，山河名等的名词。地名，山河名等的名词。(一般首字母
2、要大写一般首字母要大写)England , Monday ,Spring ,Jack Greenthe Great Wall (虚词一般不大写虚词一般不大写)2.名词名词:可数名词，不可数名词可数名词，不可数名词单数可数名词前加不定冠词单数可数名词前加不定冠词a/ana book ,a pen, a boy不不可数名词前不加不定冠词可数名词前不加不定冠词a/anan advice, a paper复数可数名词在词尾加复数可数名词在词尾加 s/ es3.可数名词复数变化规则1.一般情况下直接加一般情况下直接加s. maps, cars, boys.2.以以s,x,sh,ch 结尾的单词，在其后加
3、结尾的单词，在其后加es. buses, boxes, watches3.以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的，把结尾的，把y变变i加加es. families, parties.4.以以f/fe结尾的，把结尾的，把f/fe变成变成ve再加再加s. ife-wives,knife-knives5.Negro,hero,potato,tomato加加es,其余以其余以o结尾的加结尾的加szoos,radios,pianos1.map2.patient3.bus4.box5.baby6.zoo7.potato8.wolf9.knife10.brush 4.不规则动词变化单单复同形复同形:sheep,
4、fish, deer, yuan, means内部变化和加词缀内部变化和加词缀:man,foot,child,ox5.某国人的复数变化某国人的复数变化中国，日本，瑞士中国，日本，瑞士 单复同形单复同形 Chinese,Japanese,Russian英国，法国，荷兰人，英国，法国，荷兰人，man-men. Englishmen,Frenchmen,以以-an,-ian结尾的各国人，后面直接加结尾的各国人，后面直接加s. Germans,Americans,A group of _ are talking with two_.A. Frenchmen; Gremans B. Gremans; F
5、renchmansC. Greman; Frenchmen6.名词作定语名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，常说明该名名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，常说明该名词的性质，材料，用途，内容，时间等。词的性质，材料，用途，内容，时间等。(作定语的名词常用单数作定语的名词常用单数)a book shop a pencil boxtomato noodle a man nurse只有复数的名词作定语，仍用复数只有复数的名词作定语，仍用复数clothes shop ,sports meeting two book shopstwo pencil boxestomato noodles two men nurses1
6、.I went to the hospital yesterday. I found a few _there.A. man nurses B. men nurse C. men nurses2.What kind of dumplings would you like?Id like some _ dumplings.A. cabbage B. eggs C. onions3.They are thirsty .Will you please give them _？A.some bottles of watersB.some bottoles of waterC .some bottle
7、waters7.名词所有格1.s所有格所有格:一般有生命的所有格，一般在词尾加一般有生命的所有格，一般在词尾加s.以以s，es结尾的所有格加结尾的所有格加 Toms motherSome students bookThree daysworkTodays newspaper2.两个或多个人共有某物时，只在最后一个名词上加两个或多个人共有某物时，只在最后一个名词上加s。如果该物为各自所有，则各个名词的后面都要加如果该物为各自所有，则各个名词的后面都要加sJim and Toms room is on the second floor.Jims and Toms rooms are on the
8、second floor.3.of 所有格所有格:一般无生命的名词后用一般无生命的名词后用ofThe gate of schoolThe door of the roomThe capital of Chinaof和和s 可互换可互换the girls shirt=the shirt of the girlthe books writer=the writer of the book1.These are my books. They are not my_(sister)2.Many famous _(director) wives appeared at the party.3.Toms
9、car is more beautiful than _.A. his brothers and sisterB. his brothers and sistersC. his brothers and sisters4._room is big and nice.A. Kates and JeansB. Kates and JeanC. Kate and Jeans二、冠词二、冠词1.定义定义:冠词是虚词，它不能脱离名词而独立存在，冠词是虚词，它不能脱离名词而独立存在，不能单独充当句子成分。不能单独充当句子成分。2.冠词的种类冠词的种类:不定冠词不定冠词 a/an定冠词定冠词 the零冠词零
10、冠词 /3.冠词的用法不定冠词不定冠词a/an的用法的用法: 1.用于首次提到的人或物的单数可数名词前。用于首次提到的人或物的单数可数名词前。e.g.: He is a worker.He is an old worker.(当名词前有形容词时，用当名词前有形容词时，用a/an取决于该词第一个音素取决于该词第一个音素)2.泛指某人或某物。泛指某人或某物。e.g.: There is a dog lying on the ground.3.用于序数词前，用于序数词前， 又一；再一又一；再一e.g.: Would you like a third cup of tea?I need a fifth
11、 stamp.4.以辅音音素开头的字母用以辅音音素开头的字母用a。以元音音素开头的字母用。以元音音素开头的字母用ana dog ,a house , a European city, a uniform , a usual day.an hour, an honest man, an apple, an unusual day定冠词定冠词the的用法的用法:1.用于特指的或说话双方都知道的人或物。用于特指的或说话双方都知道的人或物。e.g. :Look at the ruler on the floor. Whose is it?Mary, who is the man over there?
12、She is my aunt.2.用于指代上文已经提过的人或物。用于指代上文已经提过的人或物。e.g.: There is a dog. Have you fed the dog?3.用于单数可数名词或形容词和分词前，表用于单数可数名词或形容词和分词前，表示一类人或物。用于姓氏复数名词前，表示示一类人或物。用于姓氏复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。一家人或夫妇二人。The panda. 熊猫这类动物。熊猫这类动物。A pandaPandasThe Greens 格林夫妇或格林一家人格林夫妇或格林一家人The Blacks 布莱克夫妇或布莱克一家人布莱克夫妇或布莱克一家人4.用于序数词，表特指的
13、比较级或形容词副词最高级前。用于序数词，表特指的比较级或形容词副词最高级前。e.g.: Tomorrow we are going to the second longest river of China.I would choose the cheaper of the two watches.Mary often talks the most and dose the least.The poor The old The wounded5.用于表示独一无二的事物名词前。用于表示独一无二的事物名词前。the sun, the earth ,the moon , the left , the
14、right, the east , the sea , the Changjiang river , the President.6.用于表示演奏的西洋乐器的名词前。用于表示演奏的西洋乐器的名词前。play the piano/violin/guitar(中国民族乐器名称前无需加冠词中国民族乐器名称前无需加冠词) erhu/pipa等等e.g.: He bought a piano for his son.He can play the piano.零冠词的用法零冠词的用法:1.表示泛指。表示泛指。Money is not everything.2.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前不用冠词。表示一
15、类人或事物的复数名词前不用冠词。Pandas live in the zoo.Children are cared by parents.3.季节，月份，节日，星期等表示时间的名季节，月份，节日，星期等表示时间的名词前不用冠词。词前不用冠词。Spring is the best season of the year.People give gifts to each other on Chirstmas Day4.学科，语言，三餐，球类和棋类名词前不加冠词。学科，语言，三餐，球类和棋类名词前不加冠词。I like math.Do you like playing football/chess?
16、5.By与表示交通工具的名词连用时，不加冠与表示交通工具的名词连用时，不加冠词。词。by bus, by bike ,by carin a car/in his car6.and 连接的并列名词指同一人或同一事物时，后一个名连接的并列名词指同一人或同一事物时，后一个名词前不用冠词。词前不用冠词。e.g.: The party was to welcome a teacher and writer.有无冠词短语的差别有无冠词短语的差别:In hospital 住院住院In the hospital 在医院在医院At table 在吃饭在吃饭At the table 在餐桌旁在餐桌旁Next ye
17、arThe next yearOtherThe otherPeopleThe peopleBy sea By the sea三、代词三、代词定义定义:代词时代替名词的词。可分为代词时代替名词的词。可分为:人称代词，物主代词，反身代人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词。词，相互代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词。1.人称代词人称代词:第一人称第一人称 I me 第二人称第二人称 you you 第三人称第三人称 he his she her it it 主格主格 宾格宾格主格主格 宾格宾格we us你们你们you you they them 单数单数 复数复数2.
18、并列人称代词顺序。并列人称代词顺序。 单数单数:2,3,1 you +he/she+ I 复数复数:1,2,3 we + you+ theye.g.: You, she and I all enjoy music. You ,Tom and I will go to Canada next week.We, you and they are all Chinese.男女并列时，顺序为男女并列时，顺序为 ;he+shee,.g.: He and she do not agree with me.做错事承担责任时，第一人称放首位做错事承担责任时，第一人称放首位Who broke the windo
19、wI and Tom.2.物主代词物主代词表示所属关系的代词交物主代词。分为形容词性物主代词和名词性表示所属关系的代词交物主代词。分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。物主代词。I my mine we our oursYou your yours you yours yoursHe his his they their theirsShe her hersIt its its主格主格 形物代形物代 名物代名物代 主格主格 形物代形物代 名物代名物代1.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能用在名词前。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能用在名词前。e.g.; He is cleaning his
20、house. Our school is not far from my home.2.名词性物主代词相当于名词性物主代词相当于 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词+名词名词，功能相当，功能相当于名词。其后不能加名词。于名词。其后不能加名词。e.g.: This book is his. Where is my book? my book = mineWhere is my pen? This is yours.Yours=your pen3.反身代词反身代词I myselfyou yourselfhe/she himself/herselfwe ourselvesyou yourselvest
21、hey themselves单数单数 复数复数 主主 宾宾 形物形物 名物名物 反身反身I/wehe/sheyou/youtheyMe/usHis/herYou/youthemMy/ourHis/herYour/yourtheirMine/oursHis/hersYours/yourstheirsMyself/ourselvesHimself/herselfYourself/yourselvesthemselves4.相互代词相互代词表示一个动作所涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。表示一个动作所涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。主要有主要有 each other, one anothere.g.;
22、We dont often see each other.5.指示代词指示代词用来指代或标记事物的代词。用来指代或标记事物的代词。1. This these 近处近处 That those 远处远处2.that ,those指刚提过的事情或已经完成的事情。指刚提过的事情或已经完成的事情。e.g.: The population of China is larger than _of India. A.it B.one C.that6.不定代词不定代词不明确指代某个、某些人或某个，某些物的代词叫不定代词。不明确指代某个、某些人或某个，某些物的代词叫不定代词。1.one(s)的用法的用法可用来代替
23、单数或复数可数名词。可用来代替单数或复数可数名词。e.g.: I am looking a map, but I cant find one.Which boxes are bigger ,these ones or those ones?2.one和和the,this,that,these,those等连用，表特指等连用，表特指If you want pens, you should take the ones /those on the desk.3.one和和it 的区别的区别One 代替与前面提到的人或物同属一类但并不是同一个的人或物，不可代替不可数名词代替与前面提到的人或物同属一类但
24、并不是同一个的人或物，不可代替不可数名词It替代上文出现过的同一事物，可代替不可数名词替代上文出现过的同一事物，可代替不可数名词I dont like this bike. Can you show me a better one?I left my book on the desk just now ,but now I cant find it.4.some和和anysome 肯定句，疑问句肯定句，疑问句(希望得到对方肯定回答希望得到对方肯定回答)any 否定句，疑问句否定句，疑问句,肯定句肯定句(任何一个任何一个)e.g.: Some old people think they get
25、too many gift. I am thirsty. Could you give me some water?He is taller than any other boy in our class.There isnt any ink in my pen.5.Either和neither6.Each和和every区别区别:each可以和可以和of 连用，连用，every不可以。不可以。e.g.: Each of them knows the whole thing.7.none和和no onenone 三者或三者以上都不三者或三者以上都不指代人或物，既可以指代可数名词复数，也可以指不可
26、数名词。指代人或物，既可以指代可数名词复数，也可以指不可数名词。no one 没有一个人没有一个人常指人，只用于指代可数名词单数常指人，只用于指代可数名词单数e.g.: How much bread is there? None.(No bread) I have invited them all but none has arrived.Mike waited for two hours,but no one came.8.many,much,a few, a little ,few , littlea few 肯定a little few 否定否定littlee.g.: Please ad
27、d a little sugar to the coffee. There is little sugar left. Please buy some for me.We have a few differences.We have few difference.9.other,the other ,others ,the others , another10.复合不定代词复合不定代词Someone ,something,anybody,everything等等11.疑问代词疑问代词Who ,whom,whose, which,that基数词变序数词口诀:一，二，三，特殊记，结尾字母一，二，三
28、，特殊记，结尾字母 t,d,d.八去八去t,九去九去e, ve 要用要用f替替.若是遇见整十数，若是遇见整十数，把把y 变成变成 ie.若是表示几十几，只变个位就可以若是表示几十几，只变个位就可以.th最后加上去最后加上去One firstTwo secondThree thirdEight eighthNine ninth Twelve twelfth Twenty twentiethThirty thirtiethFifty-five fifty-fifth 四、数词四、数词基数词基数词 序数词序数词 序数词缩写序数词缩写One first 1stTwo second 2ndThree t
29、hird 3rdFour fourth 4t hFive fifth 5thSix sixth 6thSeven seventh 7thEight eighth 8thNine ninth 9thTen tenth 10th基数词基数词 序数词序数词 序数词序数词 缩写缩写Eleven eleventh 11thTwelve twelfth 12thThirteen thirteenth 13thFourteen fourteenth 14thFifteen fifteenth 15thSixteen sixteenth 16thSeventeen seventeenth 17thEighte
30、en eighteenth 18thNineteen nineteenth 19th基数词基数词 序数词序数词 序数词缩写序数词缩写Twenty twentieth 20thThirty thirtieth 30thForty fortieth 40thFifth fiftieth 50thSixty sixtieth 60thSeventy seventieth 70thEighty eightieth 80thninety ninetieth 90th1. 21-99不包括逢不包括逢10的单词，在个位和十位之间加连字符的单词，在个位和十位之间加连字符-21:twenty-one88:eig
31、hty-eight134:one hundred and thirty-four867:eight hundred and sixty-seven2.1000以上的基数词以上的基数词从左向右，每三位用从左向右，每三位用 ， 隔开隔开0，000，000 ，000thousandmillion百万百万billion十亿十亿32,5435,326,418Thirty-two thousand ,five hundred and forty-threeFive billion ,three hundred and twenty-six thousand,four hundred and eightee
32、n3.分数表示法分数表示法子基母序，分子大于子基母序，分子大于1，分母加，分母加s3/5:three fifths7/8:seven eighths1/6: one sixth:a half one half three fourths three quartersHalf one third two thirds three quarters4.小数表示法小数表示法小数只能用基数表示，小数点读作小数只能用基数表示，小数点读作point，零读作，零读作zero或或o小数点左面正常读，小数点右面依次读出小数点左面正常读，小数点右面依次读出12.34Twelve point three four9
33、8.998Ninety-eight point nine nine eight0.06Zero point zero six5.百分数表示法百分数表示法百分数由基数词和百分数由基数词和组成，组成，读作读作percentpercent47:forty-seven percent:forty-seven percent100:one hundred percent:one hundred percent6.年代表示法年代表示法in the +年代年代+-sin+年代年代The story happened in the 1990s/in1990.7.时刻表示法时刻表示法直接表示法直接表示法:先小时
34、，后分钟，中间不用介词先小时，后分钟，中间不用介词7:20Seven twenty 9:35 nine thirty-five间接表示发间接表示发:先分钟，后小时，中间加介词。先分钟，后小时，中间加介词。当分钟数少于或等于当分钟数少于或等于30分钟时分钟时 结构为结构为 分钟分钟past 小时小时当分钟数超过当分钟数超过30分钟时分钟时 结构为结构为 分钟分钟to 下一时刻得到小时下一时刻得到小时9:25 twenty-five past nine9:55 five to ten8.年龄表示法年龄表示法数字数字+years+old =at the age of 18 years old= at
35、 the age of 1818-year-old 18岁的岁的18-year-olds 18岁的孩子们岁的孩子们年龄的年龄的约数约数:in +ones +整整10的的复数复数 在某人在某人岁左右岁左右The old man is now in his eighties.9.序数词表编号序数词表编号the +序数词序数词+名词名词第第8页页: the seventh page第一组第一组: the first group基数基数词表编号词表编号:名词名词+基数词基数词502房间房间:Room 5022路车路车:Bus No.210.具体数和模糊数具体数和模糊数具体数字两无，无具体数字两无，无s
36、,无无of模糊数字两有，有模糊数字两有，有s,有有of二百二百 two hundred五千五千 five thousandThousands of 数以千计的数以千计的Hundred of 成百上千的成百上千的Millions of 数以百万计的数以百万计的五、形容词和副词五、形容词和副词用来表示人或物的属性和特征的词叫形容词。用来表示人或物的属性和特征的词叫形容词。形容词对名词起修饰，限定和说明的作用。形容词对名词起修饰，限定和说明的作用。1.形容词一般位于名词前。形容词一般位于名词前。e.g.: I saw an interesting movie yesterday.2.形容词作后置定语
37、，放在被修饰的名词之后。形容词作后置定语，放在被修饰的名词之后。e.g.: He was the only boy awake at that time.多个形容词连用的顺序:限数描绘大长高，形状限数描绘大长高，形状年龄年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。和新老，颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。She is a tall thin old American lady.她是一位又高又瘦的美国老妇人。她是一位又高又瘦的美国老妇人。His new black foreign carThose two large old stone bridgesThey have got such a _t
38、able.A.round wooden brownB.round brown woodenc.brown round wooden3.形容词与不定代词如形容词与不定代词如something,anything,somewhere,nobody等连用时，等连用时，置于其后。置于其后。e.g.: I want to go to somewhere warm.4.形容词形容词,副词比较级和最高级变化规则副词比较级和最高级变化规则1。一般单音节词和部分双音节词在词尾加。一般单音节词和部分双音节词在词尾加er/est.High-higher-the highestSlow-slower-the slowe
39、stNear-nearer- the nearest2.以不发音的以不发音的e结尾的，直接在词尾加结尾的，直接在词尾加r/stLarge-larger- the largestLate later-the latest3.以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的，把结尾的，把y变变i，再加，再加er/estBusy-busier-the busiestHappy- happier- the happiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写这个辅音字母，再加重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写这个辅音字母，再加er/estBig-bigger-the biggestHot-hotter-
40、the hottest5.部分双音节和多音节词，在该词前加部分双音节和多音节词，在该词前加more/mostInteresting-more interesting-the most interestingFamous- more famous-the most famous6.不规则变化特殊记忆不规则变化特殊记忆good/well-better-bestbad-worse-worstlittle-less-leastmuch/many-more-mostold-older/elder-oldest/eldestfar-farther/further-farthest/furthest表距离时
41、可互换，表距离时可互换，further还可以表示还可以表示进一步；更多的进一步；更多的as +形容词，副词原级形容词，副词原级+as 和和.一样一样5.原级用法原级用法e.g.；Her skin as white as snow.not+ as/so +形容词，副词原级形容词，副词原级+as .不如不如.=less thane.g.: It is not as /so warm today as yesterday.6.比较级用法比较级用法比较级比较级+and+比较级比较级 越来越越来越.It was getting harder and harder to breathe.more and
42、more +双音节或多音节双音节或多音节 原级原级 越来越越来越.More and more beautifulMore and more famousthe +比较级，比较级，the+比较级比较级 越越.，就越，就越.The harder you work, the better grades you will get.Which is +形容词比较级，形容词比较级，A or B？Which is taller, Tom or Mike?比较的范围比较的范围:范围内的比较范围内的比较: 比较级比较级+than +any other +可数名词单数可数名词单数any of the other
43、+可数名词复数可数名词复数不同范围不同范围:比较级比较级+than+ any +可数名词单数可数名词单数e.g.: Shanghai is bigger than any other city of China.Shanghai is bigger than any city of Japan.1.副词修饰副词修饰整个句子时，常放在句首。整个句子时，常放在句首。Luckily, he was not badly hurt.2.易混淆的副词易混淆的副词hard 努力地；剧烈地；猛烈地努力地；剧烈地；猛烈地hardly 几乎不几乎不 (否定含义否定含义)sometime 某时某时 sometime
44、s 有时有时 some time 一段时间一段时间 some times 几次几次also ,too, as well, either六、被动语态六、被动语态1.被动语态的结构被动语态的结构: be + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词+(by +动作执行者动作执行者)(be随人称随人称,时态和数的变化而改变时态和数的变化而改变)2.一般现在时的被动语态一般现在时的被动语态: be (am/is/are) +及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词e.g.: The knife is made of wood.Bananas are produced in Hainan.如不强调动作执行者，如
45、不强调动作执行者，by短语常省略短语常省略否定句否定句:主语主语+be(am/is/are)+not+及物动词过去分词及物动词过去分词+其他其他e.g.: The kite isnt made of paper.一般疑问句一般疑问句:Be(am/is/are)+主语主语+及物动词过去分词及物动词过去分词+其他其他e.g.: Is the kite made of paper?make ,see,hear,notice,let,watch变被动语态还原变被动语态还原toe.g.: We saw a stranger enter the room.A stranger was seen to en
46、ter the room.He made his sister cry.含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态:结构结构:should/can/must/may/could等等+ be +及物动词过去分词及物动词过去分词e.g.: 肯定句:Many trees should be planted on the mountains. 否定句结构否定句结构:should/can/must/may/could等等+not+ be +及物动词过去及物动词过去分词分词否定句:Many trees should not be planted on the mountains. 1.The stude
47、nts clean the room every day.(改成被动句改成被动句)The room is cleaned by students every day.2.People use computers widely in the world.(改成被动句改成被动句)Computers are widely used in the world by people.3.What languages _in that country?A.are speaking B. is spoken C.are spoken4.Many trees _on the hill every year.A.
48、plant B.are planted C. were plantedShe must clean her room every day.改成被动句改成被动句Her room must be cleaned (by her) every dayHer room must not be cleaned (by her) every day. 七、情态动词七、情态动词1.can/could表能力表能力:Can 能够；会能够；会 一般现在时一般现在时Could 表示过去的能力表示过去的能力 过去时过去时be able to 表示过去特定的能力或经过努力具备的能力，用于多种时态表示过去特定的能力或经过
49、努力具备的能力，用于多种时态表可能性表可能性:could比比can语气弱一些语气弱一些,尽量不用尽量不用can来询问可能性来询问可能性表示请求或允许时，表示请求或允许时，could问，要用问，要用can 来回答来回答-Could I go to bed now? -Yes ,you can.2.may/might表示把握性不大的推测，表示把握性不大的推测，或许；大概或许；大概，might的可能性比的可能性比may低。低。It may/might rain tomorrow.表示请求许可时，两者都可以，表示请求许可时，两者都可以，might语气更委婉。语气更委婉。肯定回答用肯定回答用can/ma
50、y. (sure,certainly,no problem)否定回答用否定回答用 may not /cant.(cant过于直接，前面通常加过于直接，前面通常加Im afraid/Im sorry)May I take the book away?Yes, you can/may. Sure.No, you may not./Im afraid not.3.must必须必须肯定回答肯定回答must 否定回答否定回答 neednt/ dont have toMust I finish the work today?Yes,you must. No,you neednt /dont have to