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高中英语同位语从句讲解及练习
同位语从句讲义及练习
一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质
在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。
二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句
1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）
例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。
析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。
2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whe】 ther引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）
例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。
析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加"是否"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。
3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
析：he will be back意义不完整，应加"什么时候"的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意义不完整，应加"如何"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限
同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。
区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。
例1：
1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
I cant stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。
巩固性练习：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that B. what C. why D. which
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. hat B. what C. which D. why
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what B. that C. why D. when
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which B. that C./ D. it
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when B. that C. what D./
6. Ive come from the government with a message ____ the meeting wont be held tomorrow.
A. if B. that C. whether D. which
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that B. as C. of which D. which
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A. whether B. where C. that D. when
同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?)
高二英语短文改错专题复习
知识总结归纳：
短文改错的题是一篇意思连贯，但有九行文字中各有一个语法或用词错误的英语短文。它所涉及的知识面很广，能力要求较高。而且题中所设的错误常常是考生自己在写作中经常出的语法错误，是专门针对考生的弱点而设的。但它又从另一个角度考查了语法知识的运用。因此，做题时，应从以下几个方面着手解题：动词使用错误；名词使用错误；形容词，副词使用错误；连词使用错误；代词使用错误；冠词使用错误；介词使用错误，上下文逻辑错误等。
在研究每一行的句子时，首先把握句子的意思，然后划分句子的成分：主语；谓语部分；宾语；状语：地点，时间，方式等。如果句子是并列句或复合句，先分开各部分小的分句，根据各个分句之间的关系判断使用的连词是否正确。然后再研究各个分句的成分。
（一）名词使用错误：名词一般在句中做主语或宾语，名词的错误主要在于名词单，复数的错误使用。
1. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.：
2. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.： 3. We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.：4. Happy birthday, Peter, and many return of the day. ：。
5. He said that she and my schoolmate all wishes me success.：6. On the way up I was taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.：
That kind of lie, a little, does two things: it keeps your friend feeling from being hurt….：
（二）动词使用的错误：
<一> 作为谓语动词，注意谓语动词在时态，语态，与主语是否一致以及用词方面的问题。
1. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school team. ：
2. . Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.：
I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.：
4. …the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. Evening came down.：
5. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.：6. The Internet is a computer network that use the telephone system to link millions of computers around the world.
<二> 作为非谓语动词，现在分词，过去分词，动名词，不定式形式的使用错误，同时注意非谓语动词在平行结构中出现的错误。
1. Not far from the hotel, there was a shop with all kinds of clothes hang up.：2. He had worked on farms and in shops where he spent his spare time studied by himself.：
<三> 形容词，副词使用错误：
注意：① 形容词和副词的比较级，原级，最高级使用方面的问题。② 修饰比较级的副词的错误使用。③ 以ing和以ed结尾的形容词的混用。④ 形容词和副词的混用。
1. I never knew a ride down a river could be so much exciting：
2. I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together.：
3. …his mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family who had no child.：
4. 4. People will work few hours than they do now. ：
5. Computers will be more smaller and useful….：
6. Last week, I went to a movie, which was very moved.
<四> 连词使用错误：并列句连词and与but的误用是历年高考题中常考的内容。复合句如宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句中主，从句的连接词的误用根据主从句的关系可以发现。
1. My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there.：
2. My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.
3. It deosn’t matter that I would win or not.
4. An Eskimo boy becomes a man since he kills his first polar bear.：
5. The fine-furniture store I work has been in business since the 1920s.：
解题思路：
首先要理解整个短文的含义，逻辑关系，篇章结构。再仔细研究每一句的意义。借助划分句子成分的方法判断每一部分是否有错误。读句子时一定以整句为单位。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）
A
You can find all kinds information in just 1._____
a few minute on the Internet. It’s like going to a 2._____
huge library without have to walk around to find 3._____
your books. Recently even though, many people 4. _____
have been discussing the dangers of the Internet 5. _____
They have been reports in America about people 6. _______
trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 7._______
Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all 8.________
information are good to society. For example, you 9.________
can find such information like how to kill people. 10.________
The problem will become more serious in the future.
B
This is a story told by my father: “When I was boy, 1._________
The most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring 2._________
Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world 3._________
but could make the most delicious dishes. One time, I just 4._________
couldn’t wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was 5._________
about take a picture from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in 6._________
the kitchen looking at me. Shake her hand, she said, ‘It 7._________
isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ At once I apologize 8._________
and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. You 9._________
know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” 10.________
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