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1、高二英语 语法精讲-定语从句 人教版第二册【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容定语从句语法解读定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰句中某一名词或代词或修饰整个主句的从句，叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词。一引导定语从句的关系代词有as, that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和三个关系副词when, where, why。定语从句中常用关系词的用法：关系代词、关系副词先行词在从句中的作用例句who指人主语、宾语口语中可省略The boy who is standing there is my cousin.whom指人宾语可省略The man (whom)you
2、met yesterday is Mr. Smith.as指事物主语、宾语、表语This is the same book as I lost yesterday.As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.whose(=of whom=of which)指人或物定语Do you know the boy whose father is an engineer?He lives in a house whose windows face south.that指人或物主语、宾语可省略I dont know about the man (that)
3、 you mentioned.A plane is a machine that can fly.which指物主语、宾语可省略The pen(which)my uncle gave me is missing.Children like to read books which have wonderful pictures.when(=in/on/at which)表示时间的名词时间状语Ill never forget the day when I joined the Party.where(=in/on/at which)表示地点的名词地点状语The factory wherein wh
4、ichmy father works is in the east of the city.why(=for which)表示原因的名词原因状语None of us know the reason why(for which) Tom was absent from the meeting.二“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句1. 介词+关系代词中的关系代词只能是which或whomThe gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. 你昨天告诉我的那位绅士被证实是小偷。 2. 介词+关系代词中的介词可根据先行词或
5、定语从句中的动词短语进行判断This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。Fortunately we had a map, without which we could have got lost. 幸运地是，我们带了一张地图，如果没有它的话，我们就会迷路了。 3. 当复合介词短语+which引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常用逗号与先行词隔开，从句用倒装句语序He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
6、 4. of +which / whom 表示所属关系表所属关系还可用whoseRecently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (=whose price) was very reasonable. 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 5. 有时还用both /half /two of which / whom等表达方式There are 40 students in our class, half of whom are from Shanghai. 即学即练：1) This is the small house less t
7、han 15 square meters, under_ roof lives a large family of three generation.A. which B. that C. its D. whose2) All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _in the forest.A. once they grow B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew3) He lived in London for three months, during _
8、time he picked up some English.A. which B. whose C. this D. that4) There are two small rooms in this house, _serves as a kitchen.A. the smaller of which B. the smaller of them C. the small one D. the small of which5) Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A. he explained
9、 B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained6) Is this book _you want to borrow from the library?A. that B. which C. the one D. /7) Good ad often uses words _people attach positive meanings.A. in which B. to which C. which D. that三关系代词that与 who用法的区别一领先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that ，也可以用who, 但
10、在以下情况下，宜用who, 而不用that :1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone时宜用whoOne who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行词为those时，宜用whoThose who want to see the film sign up here .3. 领先行词有较长的后置定语时，为了更明确定语从句所修饰的先行词，宜用whoI met a foreign student from Beij
11、ing University who could ask me questions in Chinese. 4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that, 另一个宜用whoThe boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.5. 在以there be 开头的句子中There are many young men who are against the plan. 二领先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可以用关
12、系代词that, 但在以下情况下，只能用关系代词that, 而不用which .1. 领先行词是不定代词：all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?You should hand in all that you have. 2. 领先行词前用only, any, few, no, very等词修饰时This is the very book that Im looking f
13、or. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 3. 领先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词的最高级修饰时This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 4. 领先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. What is the first American fil
14、m that you have seen?5. 领先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?6. 当主句的主语是疑问词who或 which时Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?7. 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that cou
15、ld cause pollution. 8. 领先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 四使用定语从句时，要注意定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致的问题假设引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语，那么定语从句中的谓语动词的数的形式应与先行词保持一致。 1. one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词He is one of the students who pass the exam. 他是通过考试的学生之一。2. the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词H
16、e is the only one of the students who passes the exam. 他是唯一通过考试的学生。3. 当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句内容时，假设as或which作主语，那么从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 As is known to all, the earth goes around the sun. He has passed the college entrance examination ,which makes his parents quite happy. 4. 其他情况I, who am your teacher,
17、 will try my best to help you. Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about ?你听说过正在谈论的这些人和事吗？即学即练：1) The manager is satisfied with _youve done.A. which B. that C. all what D. all that2) The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _we had never heard of.A. whom B. that C.
18、 which D. who3) Beihai park is one of the most beautiful parks _built 300 years ago.A. which was B. which were C. that was D. that were五as引导的限制性定语从句，与that 的用法作比拟 as引导的限制性定语从句, 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，常用于以下句式：1. such as such为代词，意为“这样的人或物，as在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such。This book is not such as I expect. (as作宾语) 这不是一本我所希望
19、看的书。 2. such +名词 + as “像一样的、“像之类的We have found such materials as are used in their factory. as作从句的主语我们已找到了像他们工厂利用的那种材料。 Such people as you described are thought to be fools nowadays. as作从句的宾语像你描述的这种人现在被看作是傻瓜。 3. the same as “和同样的He is not the same man as he was. (as作表语)他和过去不一样了。 This is the same kni
20、fe as I lost. 这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。试与下句作比拟4. the same .that 表示同一人或物This is the same knife that I lost. 这把小刀就是我丢的那一把。 六关系代词和关系副词的选择领先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是用关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。 I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days w
21、hich we spent together . 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。 I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。即学即练：1) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _he grew up as a child.A. which B. when
22、 C. that D. where2) Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing ,_lived my old parents.A. which B. that C. where D. there3) Such book _you lent me is too difficult to understand.A. that B. which C. as D. like七定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种，试比拟下面两组不同的定语从句：a. All the books that have pictures have been sent to t
23、hem. (限制性定语从句) 所有有插图的书都已经给他们寄去了。言外之意，没有插图的书就没有寄去。 b. All the books, which have pictures, have been sent to them. (非限制性定语从句)所有的书都已经给他们寄去了，那些书都有插图。 1以上a例，先行词books后为限制性定语从句，由关系代词that 引导；不用逗号与前面的主句分开；从句和先行词的关系密切，翻译为“的，放在先行词之前。不能删“that have pictures；删去后会影响整个句子意思的表达。 而b例，为非限制性定语从句，由which引导，不可以用that引导；有逗号分
24、隔；此类从句与先行词关系不密切，可单独作为一句话来翻译，放在先行词之后。删掉“wihich have pictures后不影响整个句子意思的表达，它只是一种补充说明。试分析比拟：c. He has a brother who is a doctor. 他有一个当医生的兄弟。 也许不止一个兄弟d. He has a brother, who is a doctor. 他有一个兄弟，是个医生。 仅一个兄弟2关系代词as与 which引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整句话的内容。区别是：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，which 引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句后。as
25、 意为“正如，后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report, announce等；which意为“这一点。 As is known to all, Edison invented the telephone. =Edison invented the telephone, which is known. 即学即练：1) She heard a terrible noise ,_brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. this C. that D. which2) Dorothy was always
26、 speaking highly of her role in the play, _of course, made the others unhappy.A. which B. who C. this D. what3) He made another wonderful discovery, _of great importance to science.A. I think which is B. which I think is C. which I think it is D. which I think it4) _is known to everybody, the moon t
27、ravels round the earth once a month.A. What B. That C. As D. It【模拟试题】答题时间：40分钟*一、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从120各题所给的四个选项A、B、C和D中，选出最正确选项。It must have been after two oclock in the morning when the last guests _1_ their leave, and although we had enjoyed their_2_, my wife and I were quite thankful to shut th
28、e door _3_them.We _4_all the dirty dishes and glasses as they were , and after opening a few windows to let some fresh air in and the smell of stale (不新鲜的)_5_ out, we climbed into bed and fell asleep. I could not have been _6_for more than half an hour_7_ I woke with a strong smell of smoke in my no
29、se . Still half asleep, I _8_ into the sitting room, and, there through dense clouds of_9_, I saw that one of the curtains was on fire. I should have _10_ the windows then without delay, but_11_I tried to beat out the flames with a folded newspaper. When this _12_I hastened into the kitchen to grab
30、a bucket and _13_it with water. At the same time I shouted to Barbara , who _14_ dialed 999 to summon the fire brigage_15_coming to my aid. We had to work at top speed carrying buckets of water from the kitchen to _16_the flames, fanned(煽风、火等)by the freeze from the windows, from spreading. We were u
31、nable to_17_out the fire but we managed to keep it partially(局部地)in_18_until the arrival of the fireman. Fortunately, they arrived promptly and had_19_difficulty in putting out the flames; for most of the_20_of the day we worked hard.1. A. asked B. took C. got D. waited2. A. member B. companion C. c
32、ompany D. friendship3. A. for B. on C. behind D. before4. A. left B. remained C. kept D. treated5. A. shoes B. tobacco C. food D. wine6. A. restless B. convenient C. asleep D. comfortable7. A. than B. when C. while D. that8. A. looked B. ran C. opened D. searched 9. A. smoke B. fog C. wind D. rain10
33、. A. opened B. closed C. broke D. cleaned11. A. regretfully B. happily C. unfortunately D. instead12. A. succeeded B. failed C. did D. finished13. A. fills B. fill C. filled D. filling14. A. hurriedly B. regularly C. purposely D. certainly15. A. without B. before C. while D. after16. A. prevent B. p
34、rotect C. prove D. promise17. A. put B. deal C. come D. wear18. A. danger B. difficulty C. trouble D. check19. A. a lot B. much C. little D. a bit20. A. late B. half C. rest D. latter二、阅读理解阅读以下短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C和D中，选出最正确选项。 AIt was a winter morning, just a couple of weeks before Christmas .While mos
35、t people were warming up their cars, Trevor, my husband, had to get up early to ride his bike four kilometers away from home to work. On arrival, he parked his bike outside the back door as he usually does. After putting in 10 hours of the labor, he returned to find his bike gone.The bike, a black K
36、ona 18 speed, was our only transport. Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his young family. And the bike was also used to get to groceries(食品杂货), saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live.I was so sad that someone would steal our bike that I wrote
37、 to the newspaper and told them our story. Shortly after that, several people in our area offered to help. One wonderful stranger even bought a bike, then called my husband to pick it up. Once again my husband had a way to get to and from his job. It really is an honor that a complete stranger would
38、 go out of their way for someone they have never met before.People say that a smile can be passed from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so. This experience has had a spreading effect in our lives because it strengthened our faith in humanity(人性)as a whole. And
39、 it has influenced(影响)us to be more mindful of ways we, too, can share with others. No matter how big or how small, an act of kindness shows that someone cares. And the results can be everlasting.1. Why was the bike so important to the couple?A. The mans job was bike racing.B. It was their only poss
40、ession.C. It was a nice Kona 18 speedD. They used it for work and daily life2. We can infer from the text that_.A. the couple worked 60 hours a weekB. people were busy before ChristmasC. the stranger brought over the bikeD. life was hard for the young couple3. How did people get to know the couples
41、problem?A. From radio broadcastsB. From a newspaperC. From TV newsD. From a stranger4. What do the couple learn from their experience?A. Strangers are usually of little help.B. One should take care of their bikeC. News reports make people famousD. An act of kindness can mean a lotBMany animals recog
42、nizes their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose your food. You may choose it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of foo
43、d because they dont look ,smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense.Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eatin
44、g only one type. The giant panda(大熊猫)eats only one particular type of bamboo(竹子).Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly(蝴蝶)will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animal
45、s have a more varied diet(多样饮食).The bear eats fruit and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season.Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as
46、 France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.5. We can infer from the text that humans and animals_.A. depend on one sense in choosing foodB. are not satisfied with their foodC. cho