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1、五大基本句型（简单句）The Five Basic Sentence Patterns英语英语简单句简单句的基本结构可以归纳成五种的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一： Link- (主系表主系表) 二二: i (主谓主谓)三三: t (主谓宾主谓宾)四四: t IO (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾)五五: t (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有可以作主语的成分有n, 人称代词主格人称代词主格, to do, do
2、ing等等。主语一般在句首。等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。（简单句中只能有一个谓语动词）（简单句中只能有一个谓语动词）eg. The book is of great use to us. He likes English very much. To be a doctor is my dream. Swimming is good for your health. 基本句型基本句型一一: :L
3、ink-Link-( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。系动词系动词分两类分两类: be, look, seem, appear, keep, remain, stay 等表等表状态状态; get, grow, become, turn，go，等属另一类等属另一类, 表变化。表变化。be 本身
4、没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词多可用作连系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错, feel good/感觉好感觉好, smell bad/难闻难闻 Link-Link-（n n，adj. to do,doingadj. to do,doing可作表语）可作表语）neg. She appears honest.n She appears an honest person.n My ambition is t
5、o be an actor.n My favourite haobby is playing badminton.nHis faceturnedred. nThe food has gone bad.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Finally he became a scientist. 基本句型基本句型 一一: :i i( (主谓主谓) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said do
6、es not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S+vi+介词+ 宾语nI have arrived.nI have arrived at school.nI will come.nI will come to school.基本句型基本句型 三三: : t t ( (主谓宾主谓宾) )此句型句子的
7、此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：谓语动词是：谓语动词都都具有实义具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。这类动词叫做及物动词。t t( (及物动词及物动词)( (宾语宾语) ) 1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. Ihelp him.2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. They havent decided where to go
8、next.5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken. (一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was i
9、ll.基本句型基本句型 四四: : I I 主谓间宾主谓间宾（人）（人）直宾直宾（物）（物）（1）这些动词可借助于这些动词可借助于to转换，转换，侧重指动作的方向侧重指动作的方向give/pass/offer/bring/show/send/lend/return/owe/telleg. My parents give me a present. =My parents give a gift to me. Please pass me the book. =Please pass the book to me.(2)这些动词借助于这些动词借助于for 转换，转换，侧重指动作的受益者侧重指动作
10、的受益者 buy, cook, choose, get, make, 等等She cooked them a delicious meal.= She cooked a delicious meal for them. She made me a beautiful dress.= She made a beautiful dress for me. ( (及物及物)( (多指人多指人)( (多指物多指物) )1.Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Ito
11、ldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语: 位于位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。对宾语作出说明的成分。主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语（名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 ）+补
12、语补语 （n./adj./介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词）(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. (及物及物) (宾语宾语) (宾
13、补宾补) 1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2.The war made him a soldier.3. I sawthemgetting on the bus. 4. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 5. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 6. I often find him at work.a. i b. link- c. t d. t I e. t 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job i
14、s to train swimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the room. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短简短, 除了基本句型的成分不变外除了基本句型的成分不变外, 通常通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词单词 (adj./adv./num. 数词数词)短语短语(主要主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语是介词短语、不定式短语和分词
15、短语)。我们称之为我们称之为: 定语、状语定语、状语The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、一、 定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子的词、短语或句子, 译为译为的的。定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前。但要放在复合不定代词但要放在复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后之后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰的成分被修饰的成分后后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后。Two boys need two pens
16、.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy that you want to know is Tom. 二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的的句子成分句子成分, 说明说明方式、因果、条件、时间、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的地点、让步、方向
17、、程度、目的等。等。-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, 不定式不定式, 分词分词, 介词短语介词短语, 从句等从句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里在教室里, 男孩需要一支钢笔。男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语地点状语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子。汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语条件状语)On Sundays, there is no
18、 student in the classroom. 星期天星期天, 教室里没有学生。教室里没有学生。 (时间状语时间状语) 介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：分词分词(短语短语)作状语：作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语原因状语)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男
19、孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语目的状语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想, 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：(一一) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4
20、. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(二二) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
21、She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.1.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Sandstorms
22、 are strong,dry winds that carry sand. 主语主语 谓语谓语 表语表语 定从定从4. Chemicals which are found in refrigerators are not allowed. 主语主语 定语从句定语从句 谓语谓语主语主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语定语直接宾语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语 扩展句子nThe boy spoke to his teacher.nThe little boy spoke loudly to his teacher. nThe boy named Tom spoke to his math teacher in a low voice.nThe little boy called Tom spoke to his Chinese teacher. HomeworknI am a student.nI want to talk with you.nMy parents told me a story.