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1、/*A Technological Revolution in Education教育界的科技革命Para. 1 A human being transported from the year 1900 to our time would recognize much of what goes on in todays classroomsthe prevalent lecturing, the emphasis on drill, and the materials and activities ranging from the basic reader to the weekly spel
2、ling tests. With the possible exception of the church, few institutions have changed as little as those charged with the formal education of the next generation. Para. 1 如果让生活在1900年的人来到我们这个时代，他会辨认出我们当前课堂里发生的许多事情那盛行的讲座、对操练的强调、从基础读本到每周的拼写测试在内的教学材料和教学活动。 可能除了教堂以外，很少有机构像主管下一代正规教育的学校那样缺乏变化了。Para. 2 Contr
3、ast this continuity with childrens experiences outside the school walls. In modern society children have access to a range of media that would have seemed like a miracle in an earlier era. The visitor from the past, who would readily recognize todays classroom, would have trouble relating to the out
4、-of-school world of a 10-year-old today. 让我们把上述一贯性与校园外孩子们的经历作一番比较吧。 在现代社会，孩子们有机会接触广泛的媒体，而在早些年代这些媒体简直就是奇迹。 来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课堂，但很难适应现今一个10岁孩子的校外世界。Para. 3 Schoolsif not education generallyare inherently conservative institutions. In large measure, I would defend this conservative tendency. But chang
5、es in our world are so rapid and so decisive that it will not be possible for schools to remain as they are or to simply introduce a few superficial improvements. Indeed, if schools do not change rapidly and radically, they are likely to be replaced by other more flexible institutions. 学校如果不是一般意义上的教
6、育界天生是保守的机构。 我会在很大程度上为这种保守的趋势辩护。 但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速而明确，学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。 的确，如果学校不迅速、彻底地变革，就有可能被其他较灵活的机构取代。Para. 4 The Transforming Power of Computers 计算机的变革力Para. 5 The most important technological event of our time is the rise of the computer. Computers already permeate many aspects of our liv
7、es, from transportation and telecommunications to entertainment. Scarcely ignorant of these trends, many schools now have computers and networking capacity. To some extent, these technological accessories have been absorbed into the life of the school, though often they simply deliver the old lesson
8、s in a more convenient and efficient format. 当今时代最重要的科技事件要数计算机的崛起。 计算机已渗透到我们生活的诸多方面，从交通、电讯到娱乐等等。 许多学校当然不能漠视这种趋势，于是也配备了计算机和网络。 在某种程度上，这些科技辅助设施已被吸纳到校园生活中，尽管他们往往只是用一种更方便、更有效的模式教授旧课程。 Para. 6 In the future, however, education will be organized largely around the computer. Computers will permit a degree
9、of individual instruction that in the past was available only to the rich. All students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs, learning style, pace, and record of success with earlier materials and lessons. 然而，未来将以计算机为基础组织教学。 计算机将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课，这种授课形式以往只向有钱人提供。 所有的学生都会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和
10、进度的课程设置，以及对先前所学材料、课程的成绩记录。Para. 7 Computer technology puts all the information in the world at ones fingers, quite literally. This is both a blessing and a curse. No longer do we have to spend long periods of time hunting down a source or a personnow, delivery of information is instantaneous. Soon w
11、e will not even have to type in an instruction; we will be able to simply ask a question out loud and the computer will print out or speak the answer. Thus people will achieve instant “cultural literacy”.毫不夸张地说，计算机科技可将世界上所有的信息置于人们的指尖。 这既是幸事又是灾难。 我们再也无须花费很长时间查找某个出处或某个人现在，信息的传递是瞬时的。 不久，我们甚至无须键入指令，只需大声
12、提出问题，计算机就会打印或说出答案， 这样，人们就可实现即时的 “文化脱盲”。 Para. 8 Less happily, the Internet has no means of quality control; “anyone can play”. Information and disinformation mingle comfortably and, as of yet, there are no reliable ways to distinguish sense from the distorted facts and downright nonsense common on t
13、he Net. Identifying the true, the beautiful, and the goodand which of these truths, beauties, or goods are worth knowing constitutes a formidable challenge.美中不足的是，因特网没有质量控制手段；“任何人都可以拨弄”。 信息和虚假信息往往混杂在一起，现在还没有将网上十分普遍的被歪曲的事实和一派胡言与真实含义区分开来的可靠手段。 要识别出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值得知晓的, 这对人们构成巨大的挑战。Para. 9 It might
14、be said, in response, that the world has always been filled with misinformation. True enough, but in the past educational authorities could at least choose their favorite texts. Todays situation, with everyone having instantaneous access to millions of sources, is without precedent. 对此也许有人会说，这个世界一直充
15、斥着错误的信息。 的确如此，但以前教育当局至少能选择他们中意的课本。 而今天的形势则是每个人都拥有瞬时可得的数以百万计的信息源，这种情况是史无前例的。Para. 10 Customizing Education 教育的客户化 Para. 11 In a change from previous trends, the acquisition of a diploma from certified institutions may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves and exhibit t
16、heir competence in a simulated setting. Why pay $120,000 to go to law school, if one can “read law” as in earlier times and then demonstrate ones repertoire of legal skills via a computer-simulated practical examination? Or learn to fly a plane or conduct surgery by similar means, for that matter?与以
17、往的趋势不同，从授权机构获取证书可能会变得不再重要。 每个人都能在模拟的环境中自学并展示个人才能。 如果一个人能像早些时候那样“读法律”，然后通过计算机模拟的实践考试展现自己的全部法律技能，为什么还要花12万美元去上法学院呢？ 用类似的方法学开飞机或学做外科手术不同样可行吗？Para. 12 Much of education in the past was essentially vocational: designed to make sure that individuals could carry out a single job, reliably, throughout their
18、 productive adult years. Nowadays, this assumption is flawed. Few people will remain in the same occupation for their whole lives; many will move frequently from one position, company, and sector of the economy to another. 在过去，大部分教育基本是职业性的： 目的是确保个人在其年富力强的整个成人阶段能可靠地从事某项工作。 现在，这种设想有了缺陷。 很少有人会一生只从事一种职业
19、；许多人都会频繁地从一个职位、公司或经济部门跳到另一个。Para. 13 The explosion of new and rapidly changing roles in the economy makes education much more complicated. Most adult teachers and parents will not have experiences on which they can draw to prepare youngsters for a world in which they can expect to change jobs regula
20、rly. In the absence of precedent, adolescents will have to prepare themselves for rapidly changing “career paths” and life situations. 在经济中，这些新的、迅速变换的角色的激增使教育变得大为复杂。 大部分老成持重的教师和家长对帮助青年一代应对这个会经常变换工作的世界缺乏经验。 由于没有先例，青少年们只有自己为快速变化的“事业之路”和生活状况作准备。Para. 14 The Further Effects of Technology 技术的更深远影响Para. 1
21、5 While computer-based teaching figures to be the dominant technological influence on education, other innovations will have impacts as well. Medical technologies will permit study of students brain activity and blood flow as they engage in various kinds of problem-solving or creative activities. 在以
22、计算机为基础的教学成为对教育的主要科技影响力的同时，其他创新手段也会冲击教育。医学技术可使人们对学生在解决各类问题或进行创造性活动时的大脑活动和血流状况进行研究。Para. 16 (a) Enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of learning is also likely to invade the classroom. It may be possible to determine which youngsters are likely to advance quickly and which ones seem doomed to “
23、difficult” school experiences. Some authorities will insist that these findings be applied in specific cases, while others will vigorously object to any decisions made on the basis of genetic information. 对学习过程的基因基础的进一步了解也可能影响课堂教学。也许由此能够决定哪些年青学子可能更快取得进步，哪些注定要有 “艰难的” 求学历程。一些权威人士坚持认为这些发现应该应用于特定情况中，而另一
24、些人则极力反对在基因信息基础上所做的任何决定。Para. 16 (b) Drugs that claim to improve learning, memory, or enthusiasm will become readily available. Teachers and parents may face moral dilemmas that would in earlier times have been restricted to science fiction. 声称能改善学习、记忆或激发热情的药品将唾手可得。 教师和家长将面对以往只在科幻小说中出现的道德上的两难窘境。Para.
25、 17 Finally, recent breakthroughs in biology and medicine may change education in the most radical ways. If individuals seek to “design” offspring through genetic engineering, or to alter the genetic structure of an already existing person, or if it becomes possible to clone humans, then our definit
26、ions of what it means to be a human being, and to be a part of a human society, will be changed forever. 最后，近来在生物学和医学方面的突破会给教育界带来翻天覆地的变化。 如果每个人都设法通过基因工程“设计”后代，或改变现有一个人的基因结构，或使克隆人类成为可能，那么成为一个人、成为人类社会的一部分意义何在，我们对此所作的定义将永远处于变化中。 Para. 18 Conservatism Is Not Necessarily Evil 保守主义未必是坏事Para. 19 (a) I have
27、 noted that education is conservative, and that this conservative tendency is not necessarily an evil. Indeed, with respect to the transmission of values and the teaching of certain subjects, a conservative approach may well be called for. 前文提到，教育是保守的，这个保守的趋势也不一定是坏事。诚然，对于价值观的传授和某些学科的讲授确实还需要保守的方法。Par
28、a. 19 (b) Yet the explosion of knowledge calls for close and fresh attention to the curriculum. New and imaginative approaches will have to be developed if young people are to be prepared for the rapidly changing roles they can expect to assume. 但知识爆炸要求对课程设置予以密切而全新的注意。如果年青人要为自己期望承担的迅速变换的角色作好准备，那么必须想
29、出新的和富于想象力的方法。Do we really want eternal life? 我们真的想长寿吗？Para. 1 Are you hoping for a long life? Thought so. Are you looking forward to growing old? Thought not. Men have wanted one without the other for thousands of years, and have invariably been disappointed. The Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon
30、was more famous for his search for the Fountain of Youth than for discovering Florida in 1513. He never did find the spring that the natives had told him of, and perished from a poisoned Indian arrow a few years later. 你希望长寿吗？一定想过。你期望自己变老吗？不期望。几千年来，人们一直想要长寿，不变老，然而他们总是失望。 西班牙探险家胡安 庞塞 德莱昂之闻名与其说是因为他在15
31、13年发现了佛罗里达，倒不如说是因为他寻找“青春泉”。他从来没有找到过当地人告诉他的“青春泉” ，而自己却在几年之后死于印第安人的毒箭之下。Para. 2 The legend of the Fountain of Youth may have originated in northern India. It had reached Europe by the 7th century, and was widely known there in the Middle Ages. One painter painted a famous picture of the fabulous sprin
32、g, with wrinkled old women going in at one end and young beauties coming out at the other. Writers have constantly imagined worlds where people lived to extraordinary ages while holding on to their youthful looks and vigor by various means, mostly foul. In the real world too, people are tempted to t
33、ry all kinds of disgusting things, from bathing in tubs of warm mud to receiving injections of monkey glands, all in the hope of foiling the negative effects of ageing. “青春泉”的传说也许起源于北印度;7世纪时流传到欧洲，中世纪时已在那儿广为人知。一位油画家曾经画过一幅传说中的“青春泉”的名画，画中满脸皱纹的老妇从泉水的一端走进，而从另一端出来时已经变得年轻貌美了。 许多作家总是幻想着有可以长命百岁的福地，在那里，人们以各种办
34、法，多数是左道旁门的招数，保持着他们的青春和活力。在现实世界里，人们也禁不住试用各种各样令人厌恶的方法，如从装满温热泥浆的浴缸内洗澡到注射猴子的腺体等，以抑制衰老的负面影响。Para. 3 Though the probability of living to old age has risen sharply, the individual human lifespan set by nature has remained much the same throughout most of recorded history. It was，even if mainly in theory, 7
35、0 years at the time the Bible was written, and it isnt much more now. Most people died of one thing or another long before their maximum span was up.虽然长寿的可能性已经明显加大了，但是在绝大多数有记载的历史时期内，自然界赋予人类的寿命并没有多大变化。即使主要从理论上探讨，人的寿命在写圣经的那个时候就是70岁，到现在也没有增加多少。大多数人在他们的最大寿限到达之前就由于这样或者那样的原因死去了。Para. 4 The big achievement
36、 of modern times is that, in developed countries at least, most people are now well enough off to reach the age they were designed for. No longer do they die in large numbers in the first year of life, or later from infectious diseases and medical problems such as a ruptured appendix, or suffer from
37、 hunger, or work themselves to death. Barring accidents, most people now go on until they die of one of the diseases that afflict the old, such as heart disease or cancer. 现代的一个重大成就是多数人因为生活境遇好而能够活到天年，至少在发达国家是这样。在出生后的第一年里，婴儿不再会大量死亡，在随后的日子里人们不会因为传染病或者像阑尾破裂这样的医疗问题而死亡，也不会因为饥饿或过度劳累而死亡。如不发生意外，多数人能够一直活下去，直
38、到他们死于像心脏病或癌症那样折磨老年人的疾病。Para. 5 The current emphasis in age research is on finding ways to ensure that the rising number of people who achieve the maximum lifespan do so in optimum health, not just die after extra years of chronic illness and decay. Much of the advice handed out is simple common sens
39、e: adhere to a healthy lifestyle, eat and drink in moderation, do not smoke, take regular exercise but dont overdo it. These rules are often ignored, sometimes without apparent ill effect. In a speech at his 70th birthday celebration, Mark Twain outlined his own survival strategy: 目前衰老研究的重点是寻求有效的方法，
40、确保日益增多的达到最大寿限的人能够在最佳健康状况下实现长寿，而不是仅仅在慢性病和体力衰退的折磨下再多活几年。人们得到的多数忠告都是一些简单的常识：坚持一种健康的生活方式，饮食适度，不吸烟，经常锻炼，但是不要过量。这些忠告常常被人们忽略, 有时也不会产生不利于健康的负面影响。马克 吐温在他的70岁生日讲话中介绍了他的养生之道：Para. 6 “I have made it a rule to go to bed when there wasnt anybody left to sit up with; and I have made it a rule to get up when I had
41、to. In the matter of diet, I have been persistent in not eating the things that didnt agree with me, until one or the other of us made the best of them. I have made it a rule never to smoke more than one cigar at a time. As for drinking, when others drink I like to help. I have never taken any exerc
42、ise, except sleeping and resting, and I never intend to take any. Exercise I despise.” “我的规矩是，当所有人都走了，没人要陪时，就去睡觉。当我必须起床的时候，我就起床；这也是我的一个规矩。至于饮食，我坚持不吃那些并不适合我吃的东西，直到我们中间有人吃了以后获益匪浅。我的另一规矩是每次吸烟从来不超过一根雪茄。至于喝酒，我喜爱在别人喝酒时作陪。除了睡觉和休息外，我从来不锻炼，从来就没想过要锻炼；我讨厌锻炼。”Para. 7 He lived to 75. In 1910, that was much longe
43、r than most Americans.他活到75岁。在1910年，这个岁数比大多数美国人活得都要长多了。Para. 8 But even for those who stick to the rules, all that a healthy lifestyle can do is to improve their chances of staying in reasonable shape for their age; it will not slow down the ageing process. And despite all the advertising, none of t
44、hose highly profitable patented remedies so widely marketed nowadays can achieve this either, at least not for now. The only experiments on laboratory animals that have definitely shown a life-lengthening effect have involved subjecting rats and mice to a severely restricted diet. The fewer calories
45、 they eat, short of actual starvation, and the longer they go on doing so, the longer they live. But they pay a price; starving rats reproduce less, and starving mice dont reproduce at all. 但是，即便是对那些遵循这些忠告的人来说，一种健康的生活方式的作用也只不过是使他们更有机会保持就其年龄而言合理的健康状况, 而不会减缓衰老的过程。那些利润丰厚的专利药物, 尽管广告做得很多，市场火爆，但至少到目前为止没有一
46、种药物能减缓衰老的过程。惟一显示的确能延长寿命的实验是用实验室动物进行的, 受试的大家鼠和小家鼠要接受严格的饮食限制。让它们吃的食物热量越少，在不让它们真正挨饿的条件下，这样持续的时间越长，它们的寿命就越长。但是，它们要付出代价。挨饿的大家鼠较少生育，挨饿的小家鼠则完全失去了生育能力。Para. 9 A different approach might work. To some extent long life is an inherited trait. Experiments with that old friend of science, the fruit fly, have sho
47、wn that mating flies with long lifespans can produce significantly longer-lasting descendants. But again, that would not be much help to humans: we have long life-cycles, so the results might be centuries ahead, even were we ready to choose potentially long-lived mates rather than beautiful or wealt
48、hy ones. 不同的方法也许管用。在某种程度上，长寿是一种生来就具有的特性。果蝇是科学实验的老朋友, 对它们的实验表明，与长寿的果蝇交配而产生的后代具有明显延长的生命期。但是，这对人类来说并没有多大的用处。人类的生命周期很长，所以即便我们愿意选择那些潜在的、能够长寿的配偶，而不选择那些漂亮或富有的配偶，其延长寿命的结果也许是几个世纪后的事情了。Para. 10 What, though, if instead of selective breeding for longer-lived descendants, we were to manipulate our genes? Now, all sorts of gene therapy treatments are beginning to look promising. The process of ageing is a complex matter in which many different genes appear to be involved, but in time it may become possible to use gene therapy to slow down ageing, if not eliminate it.如果我们不采用择偶的方式使后代长寿，而去控