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1、Unit 11. For four years the scientists examined the planets many habitats and species and the systems that bind them together.在历时四年的研究中,科学家调查了地球上的许多生境、物种以及将它们联系起来的生态体系。2. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report gives people a new insight into the economic importance of ecosystem service
2、s and some new and additional arguments for respecting and conserving the Earths life-support systems.千年生态系统评估综合报告为人们提供了认识生态系统经济价值的全新视角，也为人们尊重和保护地球的生命支持体系提供了新的论据。3. According to the scientists, changes to water systems may increase the frequency and severity of destructive floods.科学家认为，水文系统的改变可能导致破坏
3、性洪灾的发生更加频繁和严重。4. From an economic perspective, compared with the ecosystems altered for commercial use, many intact ones are more valuable.从经济角度看.与那些被用于商业开发的生态系统相比,很多原始生态系统的价值更高。5. It lies within the power of human societies to ease the strain we are putting on the nature services of the planet, whi
4、le continuing to use them to bring better living standards to all.如何在利用地球生态系统提高人类生活水平的同时，缓解该系统所承受的压力，完全取决于人类社会。Unit 21. Scientists and industry experts may disagree over how long the worlds supply of oil and natural gas will last.地球上的石油和天然气供应能维持多久，科学家和企业界入士对此各持己见。2. While renewable energy is general
5、ly more expensive than conventionally produced supplies, alternative power helps to reduce pollution and to conserve fossil fuels. 一般说来,再生能源比传统生产的能源要贵些,然而替代能源有助于减少污染，保护矿物燃料。3. Most traditional photovoltaic solar units on the market today convert between 11and 13 percent of the suns light into energy
6、.如今在市场上，传统的光感太阳能装置能把11%至13%的阳光转化成能源。4. Compared to other renewable energy sources, wind power competes with conventional energy at a price less than 4 cents per kilowatt-hour.与其他可再生能源相比，风力产生的能源比传统能源每千瓦时便宜4美分。5. While few homes generate their own wind power in the U.S., many power companies allow con
7、sumers to opt for power generated at a wind plant or other renewable source.虽然在美国几乎没有家庭利用风力发电，但许多能源公司允许消费者选择风力发电厂或其他再生能源产生的电力。Unit 31. If it falls below 1Celsius or rises above 43Celsius, serious injury or death results for most vegetation.当温度低于零摄氏度或高于43摄氏度时.大多数的植被都会受到伤害甚或死亡。2. The stems and leaves
8、of tee and shrubs show us some of the adaptations that enable a plant to get the maximum amount of light and air.从树和灌木的枝和叶我们就可以看出它们对环境的适应性.这种适应性使之能获得最大限度的光和空气。3. They have no chlorophyll, but subsist on organic matter, produced by animals or other plants, that may be found wherever the fungi flouris
9、h.它们没有叶绿素，靠其他动物或植物产生的有机物来生存，凡是在菌类植物茂盛的地方都可以找到这些有机物。4. Plants also receive a minimum of light in the depths of the sea or at the bottom of lakes and pools, since sunlight is weak or absent there.在海洋深处和湖泊、水潭底部的植物接受的阳光也是最少的，因为那些地方的光照很弱，甚至没有阳光。5. It is suspected that after they absorb light, they transm
10、it the energy from this light to chlorophyll, for photosynthesis.人们认为它们在吸收了光之后，就把光能转化成了叶绿素，再进行光合作用。Unit 41. Some of that water is lost when the vegetation transpires, or exhales the water back into the atmosphere. Some water is retained in the soil or other growing medium. The rest enters the urban
11、rainwater drainage system in a slow, controlled flow, a process that helps dampen high-volume rainwater surges in urban water systems, which are expensive to expand.植物蒸腾作用消耗一部分降水，将它返回大气中,。部分水分保存在土壤或其他植物生长媒介中，其余部分则徐徐进入城市排水系统，减少大量降雨突至时城市水系承受的压力，而扩展城市水系则需要很高的费用。2. How much a green roof lowers energy co
12、sts depends on the type of roof and the climate in which it is installed. Warmer climates offer the greatest saving opportunities, since green roofs are more efficient at reducing air conditioning costs than they are at lowering heating bills.绿色屋顶能在多大程度上降低能源支出，这取决于屋顶的类型以及所在地区的气候条件。在气候比较温暖的地区节省开支的可能性
13、最大，因为绿色屋顶的降温效率要高于采暖效率。3. While the costs of green roofs are one-and-a-half to twice that of conventional roofs, advocates say green roofs make long-term economic sense, even without factoring in energy savings.虽然绿色屋项的成本较传统常规屋顶的成本高出1.5至2倍,但支持者认为，即使不考虑节能因素，从长远经济利益看，屋顶绿化仍很划算。4. “Natures rhythm is made
14、visible by seasonal changes in the vegetation, even in an urban roof environment,” they wrote in an e-mail to National Geographic News. “In terms of design, roof planting represents a considerable aesthetic improvement and altogether a significant ecological benefit.”“即使在城市屋顶这样的环境下，我们也能够通过植物的季节变化感受到
15、自然的节律。”他们在给国家地理新闻的电子邮件中写到，“从设计角度看，屋顶绿化可以大大提升美化效果，创造显著生态效益。”5. At the Chicago Center for Green Technology, demos showcase green-roof technology to everyone from developers and builders to schoolchildren. The center also serves as a research center, where leading suppliers are invited to install diffe
16、rent green-roof plots that are monitored and compared.芝加哥绿色技术中心举办屋顶绿化技术示范园，向开发商、建筑商甚至学生展示相关产品。该中心同时还是研究中心，邀请主要供应商们到此装配各种各样的绿色屋顶以供观测与比较。Unit 51. Add to this the exploding number of embedded computers-the kind found in mobile phones, gas pumps and retail point-of-sale systems-which are fast approachin
17、g the power and complexity of desktop PCs.除此之外还有迅速增加的嵌入式电脑（即那些用于移动电话、加油泵和零售点计价系统中的电脑），其功能和复杂性正迅速接近台式电脑。2. This scenario is in sharp contrast to the computers of just a few years ago, which were still mostly passive appliances that sat in the corner of the den or living room.这种情景与几年前形成了鲜明的对比，那时计算机大多是
18、摆在书房或者客厅一角的被动的电器。3. As people find more ways to incorporate these inexpensive, flexible and infinitely customisable devices into their lives, the computers themselves will gradually “disappear” into the fabric of our lives.当人们发现了更多的方法将这些价格低廉、灵活而且可以按各种需要定制的设备融入他们的生活时，计算机本身就将逐渐”消失”在我们的生活之中了。4. We are
19、still a long way from a world full of disembodied intelligent machines, but the computing experience of the coming decade will be so seamless and intuitive that-increasingly -we will barely notice it.现在我们离充满无形的智能化机器的世界还很遥远，但是十年之后计算机的使用将变得如此自然，我们可能会越来越难以注意到它。5. The pervasiveness and near-invisibility
20、 of computing will be helped along by new technologies such as cheap, flexible displays, fingernail-sized MEMs chips capable of storing terabytes of data.便宜、灵活的显示器、小如指甲但却容量达上千G的MEM芯片，这些新的技术将会使计算机更加普及。Unit 61. One of the robots moves so efficiently that in the future it may be able to amble along for
21、 a day, not the 20 or 30 minutes most robots now manage without recharging or refueling.其中一个机器人的移动效率如此之高，也许将来它可以连续行走一天， 而不像现在大多数的机器人每隔二、三十分钟就得充电或添加燃料。2. President of Boston Dynamics, a software engineering company that specializes in human simulation, said that the principles of passive-dynamic desi
22、gn would be important for future robot generations.波士顿力学研究所是一家专门从事人工模仿的软件工程公司。该研究所的所长说，被动力学设计原则对将来的机器人的开发将是很重要的。3. If you make the mechanical structures right, for example, adjusting the mass and length of the upper and lower legs to mimic the natural dynamics of walking, the legs do the right thing
23、 from physics.如果人们能正确处理好机械结构，比如调整腿的上、下两部分的重量和长度来模仿自然行走的力学原理，那么机器人的腿就会按照物理学的规律正确运动。4. Cornells robot uses very little energy to walk forward, mainly because its passive-dynamic design emphasizes the natural interaction of gravity and inertia and minimizes the role of control and actuation.康奈尔大学制造的机器人
24、在前进时用的能量非常少，主要是因为其被动力学设计强调重力和惯性的自然相互作用,而将控制和驱动力降至最低限度。5. Mr. Collins hopes to use the insights gained in building the Cornell robot in work he is doing on prostheses.科林斯先生希望能把从开发康奈尔机器人所获得的灵感用于他所从事的肢体修复的工作。Unit 71. But the technology has now been applied to almost all forms of life, from pets that gl
25、ow under UV light to bacteria which form HIV-blocking“living condoms,and from pigs bearing spinach genes to goats that produce spider silk.然而该技术目前已经运用到了几乎所有生物领域，出现了能在紫外线下发光的宠物，能够预防HIV病毒的 生态安全套”，含菠菜基因的转基因猪，甚至还有能产出蛛丝般纤维的山羊。2. The human race has methodically improved crop plants through selective breed
26、ing for many thousands of years, but genetic engineering allows that time-consuming process to be accelerated and exotic traits from unrelated species to be introduced.人类系统地进行良种选育已有数千年历史，而基因工程技术则可以大大加快这种耗时费力的工序，并可将毫不相干的物种基因特征引入作物。3. More plausible threats are that modified crops could become insidio
27、us superweeds,or that they could accidentally breed with wild plants or other crops-genetically polluting the environment.更令人担心的是转基因作物可能发展成可怕的超级无敌草，或者意外地与野草或其他作物杂交，从而导致基因环境污染。4. Environmentalists also argue that growing GM crops affects farmland biodiversity.Field trials to test for this have produc
28、ed mixed results-some suggesting that GM crops actually boost biodiversity.环保者还认为转基因作物会影响农场的生物多样性。但迄今为止就此进行的实地测试得出的结论却莫衷一是，有些研究显示转基因作物实际上提升了生物多样性。5. A clever genetic variation on that theme, the Exorcist system, allows the production of fertile seeds, but with any foreign GM DNA spliced out and dest
29、royed.“驱魔者”技术保护体系则更加巧妙，该系统允许作物产生有繁殖能力的种子，但其中异体转基因DNA已被全部破坏并摧毁。Unit 81. The reason for the excitement was simple: Most diseases have a genetic component and gene therapy holds the hope of curing, not merely treating, a broad range of ailments, including inherited diseases.消息之所以如此令人兴奋不已，原因其实很简单：多数病变都有
30、自己的基因构成，基因疗法为治愈诸多疾病而不仅仅是缓解病痛带来了希望，其中包括遗传性疾病。2. An optimistic, altruistic Gelsinger went to Philadelphia to help advance the science that might eventually cure his type of illness. Instead, the experiment killed him.吉尔辛格开朗乐观、不计个人得失，为了推进科学研究、最终找到能够治愈所患疾病的疗法而远赴费城。然而，医学实验却夺去了他的生命。3. The news hit the cli
31、nical trial community like a thunderclap. The consequences have been immediate and wide-ranging, and may threaten future research.该消息对临床医学研究界不啻一声惊雷，立即产生了广泛的影响，甚至危及未来的研究工作。4. Its true that dramatic cures have not been seen to date, but there are tantalizing signs that important advances may be just a
32、round the corner.诚然，迄今还未看到奇迹般的疗效，但有初步迹象显示，重大突破或许已指日可待。5. Scientists, however, have discounted the benefit of the first gene therapies because the girls began receiving a new drug treatment that replaces the missing enzyme just before receiving the genetic therapy. And they continue to receive the dr
33、ug after the genetic treatment, though gene therapy pioneer Anderson argues that since the drug dose has remained the same while their bodies have grown substantially over the decade, it makes a negligible contribution to their well-being.然而，一些科学家对首例基因疗法案例不以为然，因为患病的女孩儿们在接受基因疗法之前已经开始接受一种新药的治疗，以替代她们自身所短缺的酶，其后也一直在持续服用该药。不过基因疗法研究的先驱安德森认为：既然10年来女孩儿们服用药物的剂量一直没有变化，而她们的身体却持续显著恢复，可以断定该药物的疗效微乎其微。