英语四种基本句式.doc

-! 英语四种基本句式：陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句 一：肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句 例句：I am a student. He goes to school. I am not a boy. He does not go to school. Are you a student? Do you / Does she like English ? What time (is it),please ? which is your pen? What day today ? 问星期 what date is it today? 问日期 含be/am is are was were: This is a book. Is this a book? __ yes, it is / no, it isn’t This is not a book. What is this ? what this is ? 不含be的，借助do/does: I like English. I do not like English. Do you like English? What do you like? She likes English. She does not like English. Does she like English. What does she like ? 提问例词： When 问时间 who 问人 whose 问主人 where问地点 which 问选择 why问原因 what time问时间 what color 问颜色 what about 问意见 what day问星期 what date问日期 what place 问具体地点 How 问情况 how old 问年龄 how many/much问数量、价钱 how about问意见 how far 问路程 how long 问时间 how soon 问时间 how often 问频率 肯定句转否定句中特殊用法： 1.some变为any。如：There are some birds in the tree. →There arent any birds in the tree. 　但是，若在表示邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：Would you like some orange juice? 　与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。 2.and变为or。如：I have a knife and a ruler. →I dont have a knife or a ruler. You needn’t worry about the job and pay._ You needn’t worry about the job or pay. (Don’t need to) 3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many(修饰可数n)或much(修饰不可数n)。如： 　　They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）→They dont have many friends. 　　There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）→There isnt much orange in the bottle. 4.already变为yet。如：I have been there already. →I havent been there yet. I have sent you the mail already. → I haven’t sent you the mail yet. 二：疑问句questios分类：一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意疑问、选择疑问 1. 一般疑问句 general questions : yes/no questions 型，一般可由yes/no来回答； 11.一般疑问句的基本结构： A . be/助/情态动词(be can do have will 等)+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),句子要读升调； Eg：Are they your friends？Can you play basketball？ Can you swim to the other side？ Does he go to school on foot？Do you like English? Have you locked the door？Will you be free tonight？ 以上均可用yes、no来回答。 B: 陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句，多用在非正式文体中，句末有问号，用升调; Eg：Somebody is with you？He didn’t finish the work？You are fresh from America，I suppose？ 22.一般疑问句的回答：除yes、no外，也可用certainly，probably，perhaps，of course，all right，with pleasure等代替yes，用never，not at all等代替no； Eg：—Can you help me？—Certainly. —Could you please make less noise？—All right，sir. —Have you been there？—Never. 33.一般疑问句的否定式：A. 一般结构：系/助/情态动词+not+主语； 也可为：系/助/情态动词+主语+not。 Eg：Do you not/Don’t you believe me? Is it not / Isn’t it a lovely day? Are you not / Aren’t you coming? Will you not /Won’t you sit down? Is he not / Isn’t he a doctor? Will he not /Won’t he go with you? Does Helen not /Doesn’t Helen like chocolate? 海伦不喜欢巧克力吗? B.否定疑问句并不单纯表示提问，它常常带有感情色彩; 否定疑问句的完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈些; 惊异、赞叹或责难等语气; 暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答; 表示邀请或建议; Eg：Haven’t you read the newspaper？ Won’t he come？他不来了啊？ Shouldn’t we start now？ Wasn’t it an interesting film？ Wouldn’t you like to go with me？ Won’t you have a cup of coffee？ 44.一般疑问句否定式的回答：否定的一般疑问句的答语中，yes的含义为“不”，no的含义为“是”，但在回答这类句子时，应该注意yes后接肯定结构，no后接否定结构，这和汉语习惯不同。 Eg：—Are you not Mr Smith？—Yes，Iam.不，我是 //—No，I am not.是的，我不是 —Haven’t you read this book before？—Yes，I have.不，我读过//—No，I haven’t.是的，我没有—Don’tyou play chess？—Yes ，I do.不，我下棋 //—No，I don’t.是的，我不下棋。 教你一招：在这样的答语中，只要根据实际情况来判断，如果事实上是，就用肯定的结构，前面接yes；如果事实上不是，就用否定结构，前面接no；但此时的yes、no应翻译成反义的中文。 2. 特殊问句 special questions ：wh-questions型问句，when. where. what. who. why. which. whose. 11.特殊疑问句的基本结构： A . 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句；即特殊疑问词+be/助/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他). Eg: Who is it on the phone？谁来的电话？ How many oranges can you see in the picture？ Where did you last see it？ What did you eat yesterday？ How do you usually go to school？ What can be done about it？ Which are yours？ What did you say？ Who would like to come for a game of football？ Why didn’t you tell me？ B: 特殊疑问句有时可有一个以上的疑问词; Eg: Which present did you give to whom？ When and where did you meet？ C: 特殊疑问句有时须以介词开首; Eg：By whom is the book written？ Since when have you lived here？ D: 疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，与陈述句的语序相同; Eg: Who is in the room？谁在房间里？ E: “why+一般疑问句否定式”这种结构一般表示劲告、建议、责备等，而不能归为特殊问句; Eg: Why don’t you come earlier？ Why not go skiing？为何不去滑雪呢？ 22.特殊疑问词：疑问代词、疑问副词 A. 疑问代词：who whom whose which what 指认S 指人O 指所属关系，做定语后接n 指人或物，一定范围、没规定范围的 Eg：Who is the girl under the tree？ Who is not here？ Whom are you writing to？ Whom do you want to see？ Whose pen is this？ Whose are those shoes？ Which girls will be in the sports meeting？ Which hat is lily’s ？ What can you see in the picture？ What is in the teacher’s room？ B．疑问副词：when/where/ why /how /how old /how many/much/how often /soon/far/long 问 时间 地点 原因 方式 年龄 多少 频率 速度 距离 Eg：When will she return？ Where do you come from？ Why are you late for school？ How do you usually go to school？ How old is Jim’s little brother？ How many friends do you have? How far is it from your home to school？ How long will you stay in Beijing？ How often do you go to see your grandparents？ How soon will you come back？ 33.特殊疑问句的回答：简略/整句回答，不用yes、no Eg：Who has borrowed my bike？ Jack. // Jack has borrowed your bike. When did he borrow my bike？This morning . // He borrowed your bike this morning. Where is he？ At the office. // He is at the office. What is he doing there？ Working. // He is working. Whose bike is this？ Mr. Smith’s. // It’s Mr. Smith’s bike. 3. 选择疑问句：alternative questions提出两种或两种以上的可能，问对方选择哪一种。其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，供选择的两部分由or连接，前者用升调，后者用降调。 Eg：Will you go there by bus or by train？ What would you like，coffee or tea？ How many pens do you have ，one or two？ 11.一般疑问句演化而来的： Eg： Is it right or wrong？ Are they reading，chatting or watching television？ Were you or he there？ Do you want to go there by land or by air？ 22.特殊疑问句演化而来的： Eg：Which do you like better，coffee or milk？ What colour is it，red，blue or yellow？ Where are you going，to the classroom or to the library？ How shall we go，by sea or by land？ 33.or not 构成的选择疑问句： Eg：Do you want to buy it or not？ Are you ready or not？ 44.选择疑问句的回答，非所问语，不用yes、no，而要用简略或完整的结构来回答 Eg：—Do you go to work by bus or by bike？—By bus. —Which would you like, tea or coffee?—Coffee. 55. or连接的选择疑问句，并列部分可为多种成分 Eg：表语，如：—Are you an Englishman or an American？—I’m from England. 状语，如：—Is the delegation arriving today or tomorrow？—Today，I think. 宾语，如：—Would you like coffee or tea？—Tea, please. 谓语，如：—Shall we watch TV or go to the concert？—I’d prefer to go to the concert. 分句，如：—Shall I come to pick you up or shall we meet at the airport？—As you please. 4. 反意疑问句：disjunctive questions是一种常用于口语的疑问句，这种问句由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加的一简短问句（称为question tag），中间用逗号隔开，因此，反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。如果前肯则后否；如果前否则后肯。附加问句一般为“be、助、情态动词+代词”构成，如： Eg：They didn’t clean the classroom yesterday，did they？This is your car，isn’t it ？ You’re coming，aren’t you？ John doesn’t like tea，does he？ She can’t swim，can she？ You don’t like rock music，do you ？ 11. 反意疑问句需注意的问题： Eg：前后代词一致 He is your teacher，isn’t he？ Li lei gets up at six in the morning，doesn’t he？ 系、情态、助动词借助Tom has finished his homework，hasn’t he？ She went to Shanghai yesterday，didn’t she？ 含否定词 There’s little water in the bottle，is there？ 前后双肯或双否，有特殊含义You sold that lovely bracelet，did you ？=I’m sorry you did.遗憾！ 22. 反意疑问句的语调： 通常陈述句部分用降调，附加问句用升调：He can’t swim，can he？ Lily likes sports，doesn’t she？ 对自己的看法比较肯定而又希望听者同意这种看法时，前后都用降调： You don’t like rock music，do you？期望回答：No，I don’t. You like rock music，don’t you？期望回答：Yes，I do. 33. 反意疑问句的答语：A.一般由yes或no引导的简略语来回答，但是要注意时态及代词的呼应 Eg：—She is your teacher，isn’t she？—Yes ，she is.//—No，she isn’t. —Li lei gets up at six in the morning，doesn’t he？—Yes，he is.//—No ，he isn’t. B.在前否定后肯定的，回答语中：yes译成“不是”，no译成“是的”。 Eg：She can’t swim，can she ？ Yes ，she can. // No，she can’t. She isn’t your teacher，is she？ Yes，she is.// No，she isn’t.。 三. 一些特殊问句的反意疑问： 1. 陈述句是I am…结构，反意问句用aren’t I 或am not I I’m right，aren’t I？ // I’m late，am not I？ 2. 陈述句主语是不定代词时，如果是表物的everything，anything，something，nothing时，反意 问句的主语it，谓语动词用单数; 如果是表人的everybody，everyone，somebody，someone，anybody，anyone，nobody，no one时，反意问句的主语可用they，也可用he，谓语动词用相应的单、复数，如：Nothing is serious，is it？ No one was hurt，were they？ Everybody knows what I said，don’t they？Everyone knows his job，doesn’t he？ 3. 如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this，that时，疑问句的主语用it，谓语单数；如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词these，those，则疑问句的主语用they，谓语用复数，如: This is very important，isn’t it？ Those are cups，aren’t they？ 4. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语,附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,如:One can’t be too careful, can one(you)?最认真不过如此了,是吗? 5. 陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时，疑问部分的主语用it，谓语用单数，如: What you said is wrong，isn’t it？ To learn English well isn’t easy，is it？ Practicing speaking English every morning will do you good，won’t it？ 6. 陈述句中的谓语动词是there be，后边的疑问部分也用there be形式，如： There is an apple on the table，isn’t there？ There’re some trees on the island，aren’t there？ 7. 陈述句谓语动词是wish，表示征求意见时，反意问句用may，如： I wish to have another piece of cake，may I？ I wish to go home now ，may I？ 8. 陈述句句中有hardly，seldom，rarely，no，nothing，never，little，few，nobody，nowhere，barely，neither，too…to等表示否定意义的词时，反意问句用肯定式，如： You will never forget it ，will you？ There is nothing on the table，is there？ She has few friends，does she？ 9. 如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀（前缀或后缀），则将其看成肯定句，反意问句一般仍用否定式，如: He is unfit for his job，isn’t he？ That’s unfair，isn’t it？ 10. 前句谓语动词为have/has/had to时其疑问部分的谓语动词应用don’t /doesn’t/didn’t，如: He has to get up at four tomorrow，doesn’t he？ They had to leave early，didn’t they？ 11. 陈述句中的谓语动词为used to时，其疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式，如： He used to live in London，usedn’t he/didn’t he？ There used to be a cinema here before the war，usedn’t there/didn’t there？ 12. 陈述句中的谓语动词是ought to，则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn’t代替，如： Such things ought not to be allowed，ought they？ He ought to be punished，oughtn’t he？ 或We ought to go ，ought we not？或we ought to go ，should we not？ 13. 当陈述部分有dare或need时，若dare和need为实义动词，疑问部分的谓语动词用do的适当形式；若dare和need为情态动词，疑问部分用dare或need构成，如： We need to do it，don’t we？ You daren’t go there，dare you？ 14. 含有情态动词must的句子: 1）若陈述句中强调对现在的情况的推测，疑问部分用aren’t/isn’t+主语，如：You must be tired，aren’t you？ 2）前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词时，若陈述句中强调过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t +主语，如： He must have met her yesterday，didn’t he？ 3）若陈述句中强调动作的完成，疑问部分的谓语动词用haven’t/hasn’t+主语，如： You must have seen the film，haven’t you？ 4）若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时，附加疑问句的部分则用needn’t，如： You must go home right now，needn’t you？你有必要马上回家，是吗？ 5）当mustn’t表示禁止时，附加疑问部分一般用may，如： You mustn’t walk on grass，may you？ 15．祈使句的反意疑问句，一般在句尾加will you，如： Give me a hand，will you？Stop that noise，will you？ Don’t forget it,　will you? Don’t talk any more，will you？注意：在陈述部分是肯定的句子中，也可用won’t you。 16. let’s开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用shall we；let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用will you，如： Let’s go there, shall we？ Let us go there，will you？ 在口语中，也可用下面形式：Let’s go fishing. All right（or OK）？ 17. 主从复合句的附加问句 1）复合句的反意疑问句一般是根据主句的主语和谓语形式构成反意疑问部分的，如： He said that we were happy，didn’t he？ 2）复合句的主句是I think（expect，suppose，believe，suspect，imagine）时，附加问句要根据主句而定，主语是第一人称时，要根据从句而定，主语为第二、三人称时，与主句保持一致，并且要注意否定的转移，如： I suppose he is serious，isn’t he？ You think she is a good teacher，don’t you？ I believe he can find her mother nowhere，can he？（注意，用nowhere为否定句） I expect they will win the match，won’t they？ Your brother thinks you can do the job well，doesn’t he？ I don’t think he is the suitable man for the job，is he？ 18. 并列复句的反意疑问句 这种反意疑问句，其疑问部分一般与最接近的分句的主、谓语保持一致，如： We must start at once or we can’t get there on time，can we？ He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher，is she？ 四．感叹句 exclamatory sentence感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感的。英语感叹句常用"what"和"how"引导，"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。 1、 由"what"引导的感叹句："what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。 结构形式是： what+(a/an)+adj. +n.+S+V. Eg：What a clever girl she is! What an interesting story it is! What good children they are! What beautiful flowers they are! What delicious food it is! What heavy snow it is! 2、由"how"引导的感叹句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，结构形式是： How+ adj .（adv.）+S+V. Eg： How cold it is today! How nice the pictures are! How happy they look! How well she sings! How hard they are working now! 3、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。如： Eg：What a hot day it is! How hot the day is ! What tall buildings they are! How tall the buildings are! What bad weather it is! How bad the weather is! What bright sunshine it is! How bright the sunshine is! 4、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去。 Eg：What a fine day! What an honest boy! What red apples! How cool! How wonderful! So cute ! 感叹句专项练习: what a/an +adj /adv +n +S+V How adj/ adv +S +V 一、填入适当的词完成下列感叹句。 1).( )difficult homework we had yesterday! 2).( )cute dog it is! 3). ( ) interesting the story is! 4). ( )bad the weather in England is! 5). ( )honest boy Tom is！ 6). ( ) tasty smell the cake gave off! 7). ( ) good time we had on the beach yesterday! 8). ( ) exciting news youve brought us! 9). ( ) cool your new car is! 10). ( ) scary these tigers are! 二、选择填空。A. How B. How an C. What D. What an 1. ( ) fast the boy ran! 2. ( ) well you sing but( ) badly he dances! 3. ( ) delicious the soup is! I’d like some more. 4. ( ) fools they were! They believed what the man said. 5. ( ) foolish they were! They believed what the man said. 6. ( ) difficult questions they are! I can’t answer them. 7. I miss my friend very much. ( ) I want to see her! 8. ( ) lovely weather we are having these days! 9. ( ) beautiful your new dress is! 10. ( ) interesting work it is to teach children! 三、所给句子填空，使填空句变为相应的感叹句： 1. The boy swam very fast. // ( )the boy swam! 2. The school trip is very exciting.// ( ) the school trip is! 3. Hei Longjiang looks very beautiful in winter. ( ) Hei LongJiang looks in winter! 4. It is a very useful dictionary. ( )dictionary it is! ( )dictionary is! 5. The students are listening very carefully.// ( )the students are listening! Answers:一: What，What a, How, How，What an, What, What a, What, How, How 二、BAACA CACAC 5. How carefully 三、1. How fast 2. How exciting 3. How beautiful 4. What a useful, How useful the 五，祈使句 Imperative Sentence用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略；祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束。例： Go and wash your hands.——命令）// Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）——请求）