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英文的句法结构
英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。
英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。
英文句子的基本结构
1．简单句的五大基本句型。
英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。
英文简单句的五种基本句型。
（1）主语 + 谓语 。
此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
（2）主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
（3）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
（4）主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.
（5）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the galss broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
2．并列句结构
并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。
常用的并列连接词有：
（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…
（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因关系for
3．主从复合句结构。
英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。
一、名词性从句
1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点
名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句和宾语从句。 其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。
2、主语从句
That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。
(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)
Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )
他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。
(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)
Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。
What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.
学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。
What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。
Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。
(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)
When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.
2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。
(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.
古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。
(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)
同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：
It is reported that… 椐报道 …
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是 …
It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;.
It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …
It happens that … 碰巧的是 …
3、表语从句
that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却 可以。如：
My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。
4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点
同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。
The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.
我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)
令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。
There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
5、名词性从句的考点
1、考生要明确下列四个概念
1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。
2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。
3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。
4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。
2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)
3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别
___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B.That C.How D. Where
【答案】 A。
【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？
1) 当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：
Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。)
把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。
What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。
What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。)
生活中最重要的不是钱。
But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。
(2) what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如：
He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
他已经不是过去的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
她不是5年前的她了。
2) that
当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。
令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。
Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？
We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)
我听到我们队获胜的消息。
Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)
另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。
But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)
一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。
二、定语从句
1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：
用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词：when, where, why
2、关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。
(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。
This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。
that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
5、As在定语从句中的用法
1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
6、介词+关系代词的用法
“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。
This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。
(2) from where为 “介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。
三、状语从句
1、概述
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
2、状语从句分类及常用连词：
类 别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.
地点状语从句 where, wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.
结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
条件状语从句 if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.
让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.
比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.
3、状语从句的句法功能及考点
1) 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。
The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.
孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。
2) 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般说来，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。
3) 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。
4) 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。
5) 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。
To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。
6) 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。
7) 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。
He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。
8) 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。
The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9) 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。
陈述句结构。
肯定式和否定式（各种时态和语态）。特别注意否定句结构。
疑问句结构。
英文疑问句有四种
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