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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Chapter 1 Downstream processingDSP ：The isolation and purification of a biotechnological product to a form suitable for its intended use. Theseparation and purification of products synthesized by bioprocesses: Biotechnology ：the use of cultured microorganisms, anim
2、al cells, and plant cells to produce products useful to humans. Modern biotechnology ： Built on genetic engineering to produce commercial products or processes. Chapter 2 Coagulation ：the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to make them stick together 凝结值：表示电解质的凝结才能,使胶粒发生凝结作用的最小电解质浓度 m mo
3、l/L. Flocculation: a process whereby particles are aggregated into clusters. Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid through a filter medium. 滤浆（ feed/ slurry ）：悬浮液 过滤介质 filter medium ：多孔物质 滤液 filtrate ：通过过滤介质的液体 滤饼 filter cake ：被截留的固体物质Conventional or dead-end filtration: the
4、 fluid flows perpendicular to the medium which result in a cake of solids depositing on the filter medium. Crossflow filtration:The fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize buildup to solids on the medium. Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separ
5、ation of mixtures. 分别因数（ Z）：离心力与重力的比值；衡量离心程度的参数Chapter 3 Cell lysis is the process of breaking cell membranes and walls to release the cell contents. Bead mill disruption:Agitation with glass in bead mills ruptures the cells by a combination of high shear and impact with the cells. High-pressure hom
6、ogenization:The cell suspension is forced at high pressure through an orifice of narrow internal diameter to emerge at atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonication disruption: Use of high frequency sound waves to disrupt cell walls and membranes.Ultrasonication disrupts the cells by cavitation. Osmotic pre
7、ssure:This is nothing more than dumping a given volume of cells into pure water- often about twice the volume of cells. The cells swell because they contain solutes which cause an osmotic flow of water into the cells. In some cases, they swell so much that they burst. 破裂率 : 被破裂细胞的数量占原始细胞数量的百分比数；酶溶法：
8、利用酶反应（抗生素）,分解破坏细胞壁上的特别键,从而破壁Autolysis 自溶法：通过调剂温度、pH 或添加有机溶剂,诱使细胞产生溶解自身的酶的方法chemical permeation 化学渗透法：某些化学试剂,如有机溶剂、变性剂、表面活性剂、金属螯合剂等,可转变细胞壁或膜的通透性（渗透性）,从而使胞内物质有挑选地渗透出来名师归纳总结 Freeze-thaw 冻融法：将细胞在低温下（-15）突然急剧冷冻而在室温缓慢融解,反复多次第 1 页,共 6 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载达到破壁作用 . Drying 干燥法：干燥使
9、细胞膜的结合水分丢失,从而转变细胞的渗透性包含体： 利用大肠杆菌为宿主细胞的外源基因表达产物（如尿激酶、 人胰岛素、 人生长激素、人 -干扰素等）在细胞内凝结成没有生物活性的固体颗粒 IBs）,又称光折射体（refractile bodies ）. Chapter 4 包含体（ inclusion bodies,Precipitation ：the process of coming out of solution as a solid. Precipitates form when a solid phase is created rapidly, and they generally do
10、 not have a regular shapes. Salting-out ： addition of a high concentration of a soluble salt causes proteins to aggregate and precipitate；饱和度（ S）：相当于饱和溶解度的百分数 . Isoelectric precipitation ：基于不同蛋白质离子具有不同等电点特性,用依次转变溶液 pH 值 方法,将杂蛋白沉淀除去,获得目标产物Organic solvent precipitation ：Addition of miscible solvents t
11、o a solution may cause proteins in the solution to precipitate. Chapter 5 Extraction is a process in which two phases come into contact with the objective of transferring a solute or particle from one phase to the other.The introduction of another phase into an aqueous solution results in an equilib
12、rium-based separation through the movement of the extracted solute into a new solution environment.Leaching：含目标产物的原料为固体 Liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取： Based on partition of solute between phases. It involves the transfer of solute from one liquid phase to another. 溶质：被萃取的物质原溶剂：原先溶解溶质的溶剂 萃取剂：加入的第三组分,
13、用以进行萃取的溶剂；料液：溶剂萃取中,被提取的溶液；萃取 extraction：料液中的溶质向萃取剂转移的过程；萃取液 extract phase ：萃取平稳后,含有溶质的萃取剂溶液；萃余液 raffinate phase ：被萃取出溶质以后的料液；安排定律（溶质安排平稳规律）：指在肯定压力下,溶质分布在两个互不相溶的溶剂里,达到平稳后,它在两相的浓度比为一个常数 K,称安排系数 K= C L/CR 分别因素：在同一萃取体系内两种溶质在同样条件下安排系数的比值 . K A/K B Emulsification ：A process that forms a liquid, known as a
14、n emulsion.An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid is dispersed in the other. 萃取因子 :萃取平稳后萃取相和萃余相中溶质质量之比萃取收率： 萃取相中溶质总量占原始料液中溶质总量的百分比；的萃取才能；表示一种萃取剂对某种溶质Aqueous two-phase systems ATPS, prepared by mixing two different polymers, or a polymer and a salt abov
15、e certain concentrations with water as the major component 80-95%, present suitable extraction systems for proteins. 名师归纳总结 Reverse Micelles Extraction ：反胶团萃取利用表面活性剂在有机相中形成反胶团（reverse 第 2 页,共 6 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载micelles）,从而在有机相内形成分散的亲水微环境,使生物分子在有机相（萃取相）内存在 于反胶团的亲水微环境中
16、,排除其变性现象Supercritical Fluids ：materials that exist as fluids above their critical temperature and pressure. Supercritical Fluid Extraction ：the process of separating one component from another using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. 物质均具有其固有的临界温度和临界压力,称为临界点临界温度：指高于此温度时无论多大压力也不能使气体液化 临界
17、压力：指在临界温度下,液化气体所需要的压力leaching is the extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid. Chapter 6 膜分别技术：利用膜的挑选性（孔径大小）,以膜的两侧存在的能量差作为推动力,由于溶 液中各组分透过膜的迁移率不同而分别的技术；Microfiltration ：a filtration process which removes contaminants from a fluid by passage through a microporous membrane. ultrafil
18、tration ： a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. Reverse osmosis RO ：a filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selec
19、tive membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be selective, this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores, but should allow smaller components of the solution t
20、he solvent to pass freely. 一个容器中间用一张半透膜隔开,两侧分别加入纯水和含溶质的水溶液；如膜两侧压力相等,在浓差的作用下水分子从溶质浓度低的一侧向浓度高的一侧透过,这种现象称为渗透；促使水分子透过的推动力称为渗透压；Nanofiltration ：a cross-flow filtration technology which ranges somewhere between ultrafiltration UF and reverse osmosis RO. membrane distillation 膜蒸馏 MD ：是在不同温度下分别两种水溶液的膜过程 Per
21、vaporation 渗透蒸发：使用致密的聚合物膜；液体扩散能否透过膜取决于它们在膜材料 中的扩散才能；依据溶质间透过膜的速度不同,使混合物得到分别Dialysis 透析（ DS）渗析：利用具有肯定孔径大小、高分子溶质不能透过的亲水膜将含有高分子和其它小分子溶质的溶液（左侧） 与纯水或缓冲液 （右侧） 分隔； 透析膜孔径5-10nm的亲水膜Electrodialysis 电渗析：利用离子交换膜的挑选透过性,从溶液中脱除或富集电解质的膜分 离操作；Membrane：在一种流体相间有一层薄的凝结相物质,把流体相分隔成两部分,这一薄层物 质称为膜；膜本身是均一的一相或由两相以上凝结物构成的复合体；厚
22、度 0.5mm ,否就不 能称其为膜；水通量 JW（透水率）：单位时间内通过单位膜面积的水体积流量,即水透过膜的速率；截留率：指对肯定相对分子质量的物质,膜能截留的程度； = 1- Cp/CB 截断分子量（ MWCO ）:为相当于肯定截留率（90或 95）的相对分子质量名师归纳总结 Concentration polarisation 膜的浓差极化： 指在膜分别操作中,全部溶质均被透过液传递到膜第 3 页,共 6 页表面上, 不能完全透过膜的溶质受到膜的截留作用,在膜表面邻近浓度上升；这种在膜表面- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载邻
23、近浓度高于主体浓度的现象称浓差极化Chapter 7 Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate the molecules or atoms being accumulated, 吸附质 on the surface of the adsorbent 吸附剂 . 吸附等温线概念：当温度肯定时, 吸附量与浓度之间的函数关系称为吸附等温线；Langmuir 吸附等温线 q
24、K q 0 c c穿透： 操作开头绝大多数溶质被吸附,流出液溶质浓度较低,在某一时刻浓度突然急剧增大 离子交换： 利用离子交换树脂作为吸附剂,依据其电荷差异,靠库仑力吸附在树脂上,然后 利用合适的洗脱剂将吸附质从树脂上洗脱下来,达到分别的目的；交联度: 在树脂原料总重量中交联剂所占百分比. 交换容量是每克干燥的离子交换树脂或每毫升完全溶胀的离子交换树脂所能吸附的一价离 子的毫摩尔数；表示离子交换树脂交换才能的大小；Chapter 8 Chromatography ：Chromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory tec
25、hniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a “mobile phase ”through a stationary phase , which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differen
26、ces in a compounds partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation. partition coefficient安排系数：溶质在固定相与流淌相浓度比值 K d q c. KqVS保留时间（ tR）：一种溶质流杰出谱柱所需的时间溶出体积（ VR ）：溶质的最大浓度区从柱中流出时已流出的流淌相体积；cV容量因子 K: capacity factor在平稳状态时 ,组分在固定相与流淌相中的质量比mK2分别因子
27、或挑选性selectivity ：是峰与峰之间分别时间的一个量度; 代表两组分在相同层析条件下的分别挑选性,表示为两组分容量因子之比. K 1分别度或辨论率Rs resolution ：两峰之间的距离与两峰宽的平均值之比Rs=tR1tR2N1/211K 2 20.5W 1W 24K阻滞因子 Rf：在色谱系统中溶质的移动速度和标准物的迁移率之比Rf溶质的迁移距离迁移距离流淌相在色谱系统中的Gel chromatographyGC ：Separates molecules on the basis of molecular size. Separation is based on the use
28、of a porous matrix. Small molecules penetrate into the matrix more, and their path length of elution is longer.Large molecules appear first, smaller molecules later 离子交换色谱 .以离子交换树脂作为固定相,挑选合适的溶剂作为流淌相,使溶质依据其离子交换亲合力的不同而得到分别的方法名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载HIC is a li
29、quid chromatography technique that separates biomolecules according to their hydrophobicity partition Chromatography ：利用溶质在固定相和流淌相之间的安排系数不同而分别的方法 Affinity Chromatography ：Affinity columns contain a matrix covalently coupled to a molecule that interacts specifically with the protein of interest. Prot
30、eins that bind specifically to such a column can be finally released by a pH change or concentrated salts solution addition. Chromatofocusing （层析聚焦）：基于离子交换的原理,进行分别纯化；依据两性电解质分子间等电点的差别thin layer chromatography 薄层色谱法： 将固定相涂布在惰性固体上,形成薄层进行色谱分别 的方法Chapter 9 Electrophoresis：Electrophoresis separates compou
31、nds by using an electric field in a conducting medium；带电荷溶质在电场中的移动速度不同而分别的方法；不连续凝胶电泳：指凝胶的孔大小,缓冲液成分及其pH 值均为不连续的,并在电场中形成电位梯度的不连续性,这样可使样品浓缩成一个极窄的起始区带以提高辨论率等速电泳： 依据分子电荷的差别；样品混合物定位在两电解质溶液间,即前导电解质和末端电解质间,在外电场作用下,各离子进行移动,经过一段时间电泳后,达到完全分别；isoelectric focusing （等电聚焦 , IEF ）：利用蛋白质分子或其它两性分子在等电点 isoelectric poi
32、nt pI 下呈电中性 ,不发生泳动的特点进行分别Two dimensional Electrophoresis 双相电泳： 同时利用分子的大小和pI 这两种性质的差别进行蛋白质等生物大分子的分别；即通过一般凝胶电泳和 IEF 相结合,一次分别效率更高Chapter 10 Crystallization is the process of producing crystals from a homogeneous phase.Crystals form slowly and have regular shapes. 饱和溶液：当溶液中溶质浓度等于该溶质在同等条件下的饱和溶解度时,该溶液称为；过
33、饱和溶液：溶质浓度超过饱和溶解度时,该溶液称之为；自然起晶法： 溶剂蒸发进入不稳固区形成晶核、当产生肯定量的晶种后,加入稀溶液使溶液浓度降至亚稳固区,新的晶种不再产生,溶质在晶种表面生长；刺激起晶法：将溶液蒸发至亚稳固区后,冷却,进入不稳固区,形成肯定量的晶核,此时溶 液的浓度会有所降低,进入并稳固在亚稳固的养晶区使晶体生长；晶种起晶法： 将溶液蒸发后冷却至亚稳固区的较低浓度,加入肯定量和肯定大小的晶种,使溶质在晶种表面生长；重结晶： 利用杂质和结晶物质在不同溶剂和不同温度下的溶解度不同,将晶体用合适的溶剂 再次结晶,以获得高纯度的晶体的操作；Chapter 11 Drying 干燥：用热能加
34、热物料, 使物料中水分蒸发或者用冷冻法使水分结冰后升华而除去的单元操 作；通常是生物产品分别的最终一步；Unbound or free water 非结合水 ：机械地附着于固风光或颗粒积累层中的大间隙中的水 Bound water 结合水 ：依靠化学力或物理化学力与固体相结合的水名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载喷雾干燥：采纳雾化器,将料液分散成细小雾滴,在喷雾干燥器内直接进行干燥,冷冻干燥（升华干燥） ：使被干燥的液体在极低的温度下,冷冻成固体；然后,在低温、低 压下利用水的升华性能,使冰升华汽化而除去,以达到干燥的目的；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 6 页