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1、外文原文From CHARLES A HOLT .ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Digital and Analog. 1.1 Basic amplifier Studies the amplifier, we first analyze the circuit of the chart 12 1, it contains a bias in the enlargement area NPN transistor. Although base sector width W is the collector voltage function, but in order to cause
2、 the discussion to simplify as far as possible, will neglect this secondary effect. Therefore, IES and aF regard as the constant. Mark In here as well as in entire this book, uses the standard symbolic representation electric current and the voltage. The electric current is iB is iB=IB+ib (12-1) Whe
3、n Vi for zero, chart 12 1 electric circuit is called the static state, namely is at the dormant state, the static base current is IB；when Vi is not the zero, difference of joint current iB and the quiescent value is ib. Mark ib expresses the increase electric current, also is called ib signal compon
4、ent. Attention: iB ，IB ，ib the custom reference direction take flows in the component the B end as. VBE expression from base extremely B to emitter electrode E loss of voltage, similarly wrote it quiescent voltage VBE and sum of the increase voltage Vbe. Chart in 121 electric circuit Vbe is Vi. In b
5、rief, the lowercase letter raises writes the subscript to express various joint currents and the total voltage; The capital letter raises writes the subscript to express various static quantity; The lowercase letter belt small letter subscript uses in various increases variable. Stated not specially
6、 that, the electric current reference direction take flows in the component as. The voltage reference direction uses the double subscript, when or attempts in likely 12 l Vo such with the positive and negative symbolic representation, then Q voltage and the electric current refer to the static quant
7、ity. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - Chart 1.1 the amplifier 14th chapter operational amplifier Except that preceding flees has discussed altogether shoots, altogether the collection and altogether outside the base electric
8、 circuit, but also has another kind of specially important basic configuration, this is the differential amplifier. It has two signal voltage to input Swiss and an in proportion to input signal interpolation output. Frequently, from provides the negative feedback in the bleeder network to withdraw t
9、he output a part of achievement input voltage; But sometimes, an input end sweet and crisp earth. In these two kinds of situations, the differential amplifier all turns only then an input and an output single end amplifier. We will see to, the differential amplifier might process the big signal but
10、not to have the oversized nonlinear distortion, moreover this big dynamic range will be one of its multitudinous characteristics. Because bias not big time input impedance for center to high impedance, therefore the supply oscillator load cannot be overweight. In the low frequency work (including di
11、rect current) is possible. Its electric circuit structure suits the sub-integrated circuit manufacture specially, thus the most linear integrated circuit contains level or the multistage differential amplifier. This kind of electric circuit example includes: The analog computer network, the monolith
12、ic voltage - stabilizer, the video amplifier, simulate the comparator and the operational amplifier. And following several deaf center enlarges in this chapter the operation 2E multi-purpose and the versatility does the key point is correct. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名
13、师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - The operational amplifier is has the difference input level the multistage structure, its characteristic for the voltage gain big, the input impedance high and the output impedance is low. It widely uses in many different types linearity and in the
14、nonlinear circuit. Using involves to the measuring appliance electric circuit, the special use linear amplifier, the oscillator, has the clothing filter and other electric circuits. In fact, every request is inexpensive voltage amplification situation, all should consider uses the operational amplif
15、ier. This chapter studies the operational amplifier some basic characteristics, certain applications also including. Other questions then proposed in the following several chapters. Shows in 15 chapter and in 17 chapter and succinctly discusses three kind of different operational amplifiers the elec
16、tric circuit, let us from the differential amplifier start study. 2 Differential amplifier Emitter coupling amplifier Has each kind of type the differential amplifier. The common electric circuit structure is arranges two BJT emitter electrode the increase series. Solid illustration in chart 14 1 a.
17、 The ideal current supply provides constant direct current Idc in this electric circuit. Therefore, to emitter current increase ingredient ideal current supply for leads the way. Its increase electric circuit has chart 14 1b the form. In the chart, the ideal direct current potential source and the c
18、urrent supply have used to short-circuit and to lead the way separately the substitution. Obviously ie1-ie2 . The amplifier speaking of the increase electric current two emitter electrodes to connect (like chart 141 b two emitter electrodes such), is called the emitter coupling amplifier. More impor
19、tantly transistor Q1 and Q2 must pair as far as possible, causes their characteristic nearly in to be consistent. When the transistor pair with the input voltage is a zero hour, two transistors collecting electrode electric currents are same. Comes from the electric circuit symmetry to see this is o
20、bvious. Even if abbreviates the Q1 collection electricity level resistance, two electric currents almost are also equal, because works in the enlargement area BJT collecting electrode electric current 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 11 页 - - - -
21、- - - - - has nothing to do with nearly with VCE. Thereupon, this resistance is sometimes abbreviated. Retains its goal to lie in improvement direct current to be balanced. In the increase model, (its function the resistance which just like current supply) connects does not have what influence with
22、the high impedance collecting electrode. Input end A and B are Q1 and the Q2 base extreme. The increase model regarding the small signal is linear, may apply the principle of superposition. Therefore, inputs us to two to be possible to process separately. Make VS2 = 0, to this kind of situation, The
23、 increase electric circuit may draw becomes the two-pole amplifier the form, chart 2.1.2 emitter coupling amplifier chart 2.1.3 increase model Like chart 142 show. Just like front had pointed out, the first level of Rc influence may neglect. Obviously this level is approximate is altogether the coll
24、ection configuration, but second level then is altogether the base. This cascade input impedance is has same rs and the rx value altogether shoots the amplifier input impedance two times. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - So
25、long as the load resistance is smaller than ro, in altogether collection and altogether in base two kinds of amplifier when to transmission may suddenly bribery resistance r and ro. Makes the load by altogether the ground level low input impedance altogether the collection level obviously to satisfy
26、 this request. Because load resistance Rc is usually actual electric circuit in ro to be much smaller than, therefore the common base also satisfies this request. When Vs1 = 0, joins Vs2, the situation is similar. The output voltage then may from no matter what a collecting electrode obtains. In fac
27、t, we will see to, in two collecting electrodes resistances increase voltage scope equal but the mark will be opposite. Therefore, the following will analyze neglects with the base sector width modulation related parameter. When supply oscillator resistance Rs adds to the electric circuit, among fre
28、quency band increase model like chart 14 3 show. Supposes two transistors is pairs, and has the same quiescent point and the increase parameter. Each collecting electrode resistance Rc and the collecting electrode increase current supply connects. Therefore, these resistances do not affect the elect
29、ric circuit the electric current. Further said, if removes a resistance, does not change in addition in the resistance voltage. Indicates ili2 in the emitter electrode pitch point node equation. Obviously, two output voltages scope equal but the mark is opposite. Bad mold voltage gain and altogether
30、 mold voltage gain External circuits return route equations obtain by chart 2.1.2 Output voltage VooRci2，Bad mold voltage gain Ad defines difference of as the output voltage and two input voltages ratio, namely 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 11
31、页 - - - - - - - - - chart 2.1.4 among frequency band model Outputs Vo is the Vo negative value. According to 16 5 center discussion, this kind of amplifier may serve as the phase-splitter. Each output all in proportion to two inputs miss Vs1Vs2. This interpolation is called difference mold input vol
32、tage Vd, namely Two input voltages mean value is 1/2, represents altogether mold input voltage Vc, Therefore When two input voltages are altogether the mold increase by this equal output voltage ratio of with altogether the mold input voltage Ac Regarding chart 14 3 electric circuits, when two input
33、 voltages equal output voltage is the zero, thus altogether the mold gain is the zero. So long as application chart 2.2.3 simplifications models, even if two transistors do not pair, altogether the mold increases also is a zero. To this kind of situation, may prove the electric current by the node e
34、quation: i1 and i2 each other has the direct ratio, thus works as two input voltages equal time two electric currents are the zero inevitably. However, if includes base sector width modulation resistance ro and r, is easy to prove to transistor which has not paired, usual Ac is not a zero. Therefore
35、, although these resistances increase to the difference mold the influence may neglect, when calculates Ac, in the model must include ro and r. Chart 143 models including have not provided the static state emitter current the actual power source increase resistance. This resistance very is usually b
36、ig, increases when the determination difference mold may neglect it. But in determined when Ac, it is possibly important. Even regarding the transistor which pairs, this resistance appears when the model, all can cause Ac is not the zero. When low frequency, the Ac value may be possible negative. Di
37、fference of because of the request output in proportion to two inputs, therefore works as two inputs equal time outputs must be minimum. When ideal Ac should be a zero. An important quality factor is altogether the mold rejection ratio (CMRR), it defines as or 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - -
38、- - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - Uses the full symmetry the electric circuit, uses the transistor which pairs and has the very high increase resistance the direct current source, may obtain the big CMRR value. Usually, CMRR obtains by the experiment, its value po
39、ssibly is bigger than 105or 100 dB. By already not CMRR and the Ad value, may extract altogether the mold to increase Ac the size, but cannot determine positively and negatively its. 2.Active RC filter The filter permit or continue a transmission band, at the same time blocks outside these frequency
40、 bands the signal. In the low pass filter, the transmission band extends from the zero to some upper frequency. High passes the filter only through to be higher than some rating the frequency. Also has the band pass filter and the band-elimination filter. Falls the wave filter to filter out a very n
41、arrow frequency band, sometimes places it the amplifier in the feedback network by to obtain the narrow band pass filter. The passive filter by the resistance, the electric capacity, the inductance is composed, but the active RC filter by the resistance, the electric capacity and the active device a
42、re composed. Removes the inductance is the RC filter main merit, it obtains the widespread application and is easy to realize. Passes is commonly used it to filter needs outside the frequency band the noise. As a result of the operational amplifier frequency restriction, the active filter pass commo
43、nly used below approximately the 10kHz audio frequency scope. Regarding likes 741 that kinds the operational amplifier which has the interior to compensate, is only restricted in has below pass band probably 1kHz in the filter to use. Chart 2320 show for the first order low pass filter, because of i
44、t only then a simple pole. Passes through this content, supposes the operational amplifier is ideal. Defines the basic feedba ck amplifier gain K and with its correlation RC network 0 as follows: is not difficult from chart 23 20 to extract the voltage gain for 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - -
45、 - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - chart 2320 the first order low pass filter chart 23 21 two steps low pass filter The extreme is - 0, the zero spot is an infinitely great. The gain in low frequency is K, in 0 drops 3dB, when very high-frequency tends to the zero
46、. The pass band extends from the zero to0. The RC filter provide with next level or the load between cushion by the operational amplifier, the operational amplifier also has the voltage gain. In certain applications, chart 23 20 operational amplifiers are saved. Chart 2321 two steps low temperatures
47、 filter have the incisive cut-off characteristic. Obtains its gain is 0 and K (2312) defines by the type. Needs to choose K to obtain the suitable extreme. Is not difficult to prove; if K (23 15) chooses according to the type, then type (2314) two extremes are the mold for0, angle for conjugate comp
48、lex numbers. Once extracted in 21 2, does not have the peak to get up the most incisive cut-off characteristic to occur in the extreme angle was 45o time. (2315) may know from the type, must choose 45o the extreme angle, the amplifier gain should adjust to 3 may determine the 3dB frequency from t he
49、 type for0. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - Three steps filter performance has the improvement. They have same0, but K value respectively different, always gain then for type (23 13) and type (2314) product, namely Once ext
50、racted in 21 7, three extremes amplifiers obtained do not have the peak to get up the smoothest response condition were three extremes molds are equal, and in which contained a pair of angle is the 60o conjugate complex numbers. To the above choice, (2315) may determine from the type, type (23 16) c