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1、2012 年全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文类We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cra
2、mming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on
3、the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。 最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?A. People remember well what they learned in childhoo
4、d.B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】A 【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章讲得是成年人常
5、常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。C、D断章取义，讲得太具体，B项错误，因为那是过度学习的结果，不是儿时记忆力好。所以A正确。【考点定位】考查主旨要义。68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples70. What is the authors opinion on cramming?A. It leads to failure in co
6、llege exams.B. Its helpful only in a limited way.C. Its possible to result in poor memory.D. It increases students learning interest.【答案】B【解析】根据文章的最后一段中的“By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learne
7、d.”可知：突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。所以B正确。【考点定位】考查作者的观点和态度。2.【2012全国II】(C)Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does
8、 not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americ
9、ans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietn
10、amese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members o
11、f another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Amer
12、icans seem to show their emotions similarly.of pleasure”可知，在美国文化中，一般地说，微笑是快乐的表情。此处joy是pleasure的同义词。故选C。【考点定位】考查细节理解。50. The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can _ .A. show friendliness to strangersB. be used to hide true feelingsC. be used in the wrong placesD. show pe
13、rsonal habits【答案】B【解析】根据文章第一段中的“It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures.”可知这是一个中心句，其后用例证法阐述：微笑能隐藏真正的感情。它常常导致跨文化间的困惑。其中越南人讲故事的例子就是为了说明这一观点。故选B。【考点定位】考查作者的写作意图。51. What should we do before attempting to “read” people?A. Learn about their relations with others.B.
14、Understand their cultural backgrounds.C. Find out about their past experience.D. Figure out what they will do next.【答案】B【解析】根据文章最后一段中的“The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “read
15、ing” the other person incorrectly.”可知，我们在“读”人们的表情的时候，要现理解他们的文化背景，否则，就会出错。【考点定位】考查判断推理。52. What would be the best title for the test?A. Cultural DifferencesB. Smiles and RelationshipC. Facial ExpressivenessD. Habits and Emotions【答案】C【解析】文章通篇阐述了面部表情的种种表现形式，以及文化之间的差异导致的面部表情的含义不同。所以C正确。【考点定位】考查文章的标题。3.【
16、2012陕西卷】DSpring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Competition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not.A high school newspaper editor said it
17、is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (纹身）nose rings, or certain dress styles. It is true you cant judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey (传递)certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just
18、 as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances so do companies. Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is mor
19、e about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees (雇员),because those people represent the companies to their customers.As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plent
20、y of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I cant expect all our customers are.There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should hav
21、e to change to satisfy a candidate simply cause he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are legal.57. Which of the following is the newspaper editor opinion according to Paragraph 2?A. Peoples appearances carry messages about themselves.B. Customers choices influenc
22、e dress standards in companies.C. Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated.D. Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace.58. What can be inferred from the text?A. Candidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview.B. What to wear is not a matter
23、of personal choice for companies.C. Companies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates.D. Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates.59. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Employees Matter B. Personal Choices MatterC. Appearances Matter D. Hi
24、ring Managers Matter3.【2012重庆卷】DTo take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians（基督教徒）ever cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil（邪恶的）.So when Colu brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be eden, ever jumped to
25、be the obvious conclusion. Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans.What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was the to have come from Hell （地狱）.What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots w looked
26、like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. Tough the tomato and the man were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population consio them one and the same, to terrible to touch.Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most
27、 of the We people continued to drag their feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her fathers house had been the “introduction this wonderful new fruit-or is it a vegetable?” As late as the twentieth century some writers cla
28、ssed tomatoes with mandrakes as an” evil fruit”.But in the end tomatoes carried the day. The hero of the tomato was an American named R Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820,people journeyed for hun of miles to watch him drop dead.” What are you afraid of?” he shouted. ”I
29、ll show you fools these things are good to eat!” Then he bit into the tomato. Some people fainted. But he sur and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory.【考点】社会生活类夹叙夹议【文章大意】西红柿开始被人类食用是经历了一个非常复杂的过程，短文主要介绍的西红柿从最初的被认为是邪恶的水果到被接受的过程。68. The tomato was shut out of the door of early Eu
30、ropeans mainly because _.A it made Christive evil B it was the apple of Eden C it came from a forbidden landD it was religiously unacceptable 68.【答案】D【试题解析】根据短文第1段内容可知，西红柿被被教徒们认为是邪恶的水果，而被御之门外。由此可知，D选项内容与文意相符。因此，正确答案为D选项。【难度】一般69. What can we infer the underlined part in Paragraph 3 ?A The process of
31、 ignoring the tomato slowed down B There was little progress in the study of the tomato C The tomato was still refused in most western countries D Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato 69.【答案】C【试题解析】短文第3段提到“Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s”。由此结合语
32、境可知，西红柿在大部分西方国家仍然遭受拒绝。C选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为C选项。【难度】一般70. What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato Publicly ?A To make himself a hero B To remove peoples fear of the tomato C To speed up the popularity of the tomato D To persuade people to buy products from his E In his 1930 essay “E
33、conomic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren “, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的)
34、 this is not true of absolute Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den al
35、most all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.There are no obvious limits to the escalation of deman
36、d for quality. For example, Porsche famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the mark Priced at over $120,000,it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 200 the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in
37、 handling acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.By placing the desire to be superior to other at the heart of his description of negation demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. Howev
38、er, the desire for higher quality has natural limits.【考点】议论文【文章大意】经济学家约翰凯恩斯把人类的需求分为两类：绝对需求和相对需求。相对需求可能确实是无止境的。短文举出了几个具体的实例来阐述这一观点。72. According to the passage, John Keynes Believed that_.A. desire is the root of both absolute and relative needsB. absolute needs come from our sense of superiorityC. r
39、elative needs alone lead to insatiable demandsD. absolute needs are stronger than relative needs72.【答案】C【试题解析】短文第段提到“He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute”。由此可知，C选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为C选项。【难度】一般73. What do we know about the couple in Paragraph 3?A
40、. They want to show their superiorityB. They find specialty important to mealsC. Their demands for food are not easily satisfied.D. Their choice of dinner is related to ideas of quality.73.【答案】D【试题解析】短文第3段提到“The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.”。由此可知，这对夫妇出去就餐的只是改善一下。
41、在四个选项中，D选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为D选项。【难度】一般74.What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Understanding. B. Increase C. Difference D. Study74.【答案】B【试题解析】根据短文，人们对于质量的需要呈上升的趋势，由此可推测划线词的词义与B选项的词义相符。因此，正确答案为B选项。【难度】一般75. The author of the passage that _.A. absolute needs have no l
42、imitsB. demands for quality are not insatiableC. human desires influence ideas of qualityD. relative needs decide most of our spending75.【答案】A【试题解析】浏览全文，短文主要探讨的是绝对需要无止境，A选项与此相符。因此，正确答案为A选项。【难度】一般6.【2012浙江卷】CTwo friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one
43、 can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or aband
44、onment, but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among m
45、iddle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which
46、in turn can lead to violence. The problem isnt in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words t
47、hat will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key str
48、ategyfor conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speakers position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesnt mean trying to figure out whats wrong with the ot