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1、十一. 情 态 动 词 情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态。如需要、可能、愿意、疑心等。情态动词有一定的词义，但不完整，必须和主要动词的原型一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, will, should, would, be able to,及半情态动词be to do, had better等。情态动词的根本用法：一can“能够1.表示体力或脑力方面的能力，或根据客观规律能做某事的能力。如： He can speak English. I can go there n
2、ow.注意(1)can表“能够时，既可指现在也可指将来。(2)can与be able to的区别： 表“能力时二者同义 No one can / is able to do it. be able to常侧重经过努力有能力做到，有多种时态。can侧重自身的能力，只有一般现在时和一般过去时。 was / were able to do表示通过努力克服困难或在一定的条件下成功地做了某事，侧重结果，相当于managed to do或succeeded in doing.。could仅表自身的能力或本领，但未必成功做到。With the help of the firemen, they were a
3、ble to leave the burning house.He was able to swim across the river.In the end, we were able to rescue the workers trapped in the fire.“许可，允许。在疑问句中表示请求，许可；否认句中表示“不许。此时常与may通用： May/Can I do it? This sort of thing cant go on! 这类事情不能再继续了！注意 can not有时可以表示“禁止相当于mustnt：You cantmustnt，are not allowed topla
4、y football in the street.你不可以在大街上踢球。3.表示推测，强调客观可能性：“可能、会。主要用于疑问句和否认句。表示推测、估计时，后边可根据不同情况用动词原形、进行式、完成式。 Who can he be? She cant be waiting for you. He cant have gone there alone.4.表惊讶、疑虑。 How can it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? 他咋会连开幕式都迟到？ Can it be late? 会不会晚了？二could1表“能力“可能性“许可，为can
5、的过去式。 He said he could go.2. could用于一般现在时中表委婉、客气地提出问题或陈述看法。此时不是can的过去式，要用can答复以显得爽快。此时can和could没有时间的差异，只是could语气更客气些。 -Could I borrow your pen? - Yes, you can.三may, might (may的过去式为might1.表示许可，有“可以的意思，询问或说明一件事可不可以做，有时可以用can互换。 You may go now. 否认式may not表示“不可以、禁止、阻止等，常用must notmustnt代替。may用于疑问句中时，答复多防
6、止用may，以免显得太严肃或不客气。 -May I watch TV tonight？ -Yes, you can.No, you mustnt/youd better not -May I smoke here？ -Yes, please.(No, please dont.)2.表推测：“或许、可能。表示一件事或许会发生，只用在陈述句中。 It may rain tomorrow.3. may可以表祝愿，一般放在句首构成倒装句式： May you succeed! =I hope you may succeed.祝您成功! May that day come soon! 希望这一天早日来到！
7、 May you be happy, healthy and wealthy! 祝你快乐，健康，富有。4. might是may的过去式，表可以做的事或可能发生的事。 She suggested a few books which I might buy.5. might用于一般现在时比may委婉，或表示现实的可能性更小一些。 He might come soon. I wonder if I might borrow some coffee？6. may (just) as well, might as well.“不妨可以用来提出建议。它们比had better显得谦逊或不那么有把握，所以h
8、ad better通常是不用于长者或上司的。同时，had better有时带有威胁口吻。may well为“完全能；满可以；很可能，表示有可能或有充分理由做某事。well是may的程度副词 I neednt wait; I may as well tell you now. 我不必等，我不妨现在就告诉你。 Since its a fine day, we might as well walk. 既然是好天气，我们一不妨走走。 You may well say so.你完全有理由这么说。 It may well be that the question is still under discus
9、sion. 那很可能是该问题仍在讨论中。had better是固定词组，亦可说had best，用来表示一种很有把握的建议和劝告，意思是“最好。 现代英语中常用better代替had better, 有时省主语： You had better be careful. = You better be careful. = Better be careful. had better后接be doing结构时，表示立即做某事。 I think Id better be going.我想我最好马上走。had better接完成式表示对过去本该做而没做的事的遗憾。 Youd better have co
10、me earlier.你本该早点来。7. may, may not, might + be doing也表猜想，译为“可能，正在或可能不在干 She may not be doing such silly things. He may be doing his work.四must1.表示必须要做的事，意为“必须，否认式mustnt表示不准、不许、禁止等。在答复带有must的问句时，不用mustnt，而用neednt或dont have to。 I must go now. We mustnt waste our time. Must I go home? No，you neednt. / Y
11、es, you must.2. must在表“必须时与have to相近，have to强调客观需要，must着重主观看法。另外must不像have to能有更多的时态。You must be back by ten.命令或叮嘱You have to be back by ten.客观需要3.表推测，暗含很大的可能性，意为“一定、肯定，只用于“肯定句中。此时其否认式为cant,“绝非。He must be over sixty. There must be a mistake.4.偏偏、硬要、干嘛指做令人不快的事The car must break down just when we were
12、 about to start off.我们正要出发的时候偏偏车坏了。Must you shout so loudly? 你干嘛这么大声喊？五shall1.表示命令、履行义务、意愿、许诺、警告、强制、威胁、决心等，一般用于二、三人称中，并用于陈述句。 You shall have my answer tomorrow.允诺 You shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.警告 You shall do as I tell you.命令或吩咐 We shall go, whatever may happen.决心 I shant speak with
13、her.决心 You shall clean the classroom this afternoon.(义务) He shall give you your own money.(威胁)2. shall表示愿意，用在疑问句中，用于二人称表示征询听话人是否愿意，但多用will。 Shall you go with me?3.征求听话人意见和指示，用在一、三人称的疑问句中。 Shall I turn on the light？ Shall he come to see you? Do you want him to see you?六should should是shall的过去式，但它同时又是一
14、个有单独意义的情态动词。1.表达职责、义务，作“应当讲，常与ought to互换。但ought to侧重反映客观情况，should侧重表示主观看法。2.表示预测可能性，并译作“可能，按道理应该。 They should come here now.3.用于委婉、谦逊地提出意见或建议。 I should think you are right.我以为你是对的。4. should用于某些从句中表虚拟语气：用于表示建议、命令的动词的宾语从句中。表示建议、命令的动词有suggest表“建议时, advise忠告, recommend推荐, order命令, demand(要求urge力劝,requir
15、e(要求, request(请求,desire渴望, ask / insist表“坚决要求含义时等词的宾语从句的谓语应由“should+动词原形构成，此时should可省略。 He suggested that Ishoulddo the Job.用于项中动词的名词形式以及wish, instruction, order, plan, idea等的表语从句或同位语从句中。 It is my wish that youshoulddo so.用于某些主语从句中。 It is demanded weshouldget everything ready by the end of the week.
16、另外还有Its desired / insisted / ordered / suggested / necessary / important that should do .should表惊奇、疑心、不满、意外等，常用于“Why/How should.句型和expect, think, imagine, believe等词的宾语从句中作“竟，竟然解。 Its a pity that he (should) be so careless. 真可惜他竟然如此粗心。 Why should I invite him? How should I know?You cant imagine that
17、a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady. 真难想象，一位循规蹈矩的绅士竟会对女士那么粗鲁！ I never expect that you should have come here. 我从没想到你竟会来这儿。在if, lest, for hear that, in case引起的从句中，谓语用should +动词原形, 把可能性减弱。译作“万一，“要是真的。 He cleans the glass with care for fear that he should break it. 他小心擦杯子唯恐打破了。 If it sh
18、ould rain tomorrow, I will still come. 要是明天真的要下雨，我还是要来。 If you should decide to accept, please phone me. =Should you decide to accept, please phone me. 万一你决定接受，请打 给我。 should (ought to)+ have done表“过去该做某事，却没做，含有“责备、内疚意。 She should (ought to) have helped you a lot.shouldnt (ought not to) + have done.表
19、做了不该做的事情，含有责备、懊悔意。 You shouldnt have kept him waiting for a long time.七ought to1. ought to表示“应该，语气比should 强。 We ought to help each other in our work.2. ought to表示因责任、义务等该做的事，具客观性。 should多表示某件事宜于做，带有一定的主观意见。 Youre my father. You ought to look after me.3. ought to表根据事实非常可能的事，意为“理应.。 He is her neighbor
20、, so he ought to know her address.4. ought (not) to have done =should (not) have done。八will表示意愿、意志和决心，用于各种人称。 Ill do my best.表示各种倾向或习惯动作。 Fish will die out of water. -Who can close the door? -I willIll do it我来吧！本句难点是：不能用Im going to do it .或Im to do it.而只能用will，因为本句话表反射性动作，不表方案、打算。表示一种揣想，用于二、三人称。They
21、 will have arrived by now.他们大概已经到了。用于疑问句中，表邀请、请求。Will you give me a piece of paper?will 在表示经常性、习惯性的含义时，有时可理解为“难免；总是。These things will happen.这种事难免要发生。Boys will be boys.男孩毕竟是男孩。Accidents will happen.事故难免会发生。表猜想时，表“想必，would的可能性要比will小。九wouldwould是will的过去式，would + v.构成过去将来时。除此之外，它还是单独的情态动词。表示过去时间的“意志、“
22、愿望和“决心。I told him that I would go along with him.委婉提出请求、建议或看法, 比will委婉。肯定答语用will。Would you help him? Yes, I will.表示过去的习惯动作和过去某种倾向。When he was a child he wouldused toplay football.would与used to的区别used to主要用于今昔习惯的比照，说明过去如何而现在已不再如此。而would只表示过去习惯，不暗示现在。used to用于表过去的习惯动作或过去一贯存在的情况、状态，would那么表过去习惯或倾向性的动作，
23、不能表情况或状态。故used to接动作动词work，stay等也可接非动作动词like, have等，would只接动作动词。 There used to be a house here.used to可不接时间状语，而would只谈过去与现在无关，因此句中常有always, every day等时间状语，或表示时间的上下文。would用于固定习语中 would like sth. would like to do sth. would rather +动词原形than + v原形 I would rather do it myself. I would like to help you.
24、Would you like something to eat? Hed rather die than let me think he was a failure. 他宁愿死也不愿让我认为他是个失败者。would ratherthana.假设than后与would rather后的动词相同，than后的动词可以省。 I would rather visit Spain than Italy.b. would ratherthan也可写成would rather than I would stay here rather than go home.c.表强调语气时，可将rather than置
25、于句首。 Rather than go home, I would stay here.would用于虚拟语气。详见虚拟语气十need 需要, need既可做实义动作，又可作情态动词。1. need作情态动词主要用于疑问句、否认句，否认式为neednt.没有过去式形式，表达过去意义时仍用need。 Need you go soon? We neednt hurry. Need I come? No, you neednt (dont have to/Yes, you must.注意need问句的肯定答复用must，否认答复用neednt或dont have to.2.用在有否认意思的句子中。带
26、有no, hardly等否认词的句子。 I hardly need say how much I missed you.3. need作实义动词有人称、数、时态的变化。肯定式：need to do。否认式：dont need to do。注意 need doing = need to be done Does he need to know it? The windows need cleaning.4. neednt have done表示“本不必做却做了。 I neednt have bought the book. You neednt have told them about it.
27、【didnt need to do本不必做，也没有做】十一dare “敢，既是实义动词，又是情态动词，用法如下：1. dare作情态动词主要用于疑问、否认及条件句中，后接动词原形。没有人称和数的变化，但有时态变化，过去式为dared。 Dare you go home alone? He dare not tell the truth.2. dare作实义动词时，后跟不定式，用于肯定、否认、疑问等各种结构。有人称、数、时态变化，过去式为dared。现代英语中作实义动词的dare后的不定式同样可省to，从而出现情态动词和实义动词混用现象。但无论如何，dare作情态动词时后边始终接动词原形。以下说
28、法都是正确的，注意分析规律： He didnt dare (to) go home. I dont dare (to) speak to him. He dares (to) speak loud. Do we dare (to) tell him the truth? I darent / dont dare / didnt dare quarrel with them.3.用于固定习语: “I dare say意思是“我敢说，我认为。 I dare say you are my friend.情态动词表推测的用法归纳1.“情态动词+动词原形表示对通常或现在的行为或情况的推测。 He mus
29、t know you.他一定了解你。 She may live here.她可能住在这里。2.“情态动词 + be doing用于对可能正在发生的动作的推测，“应当正在，可能正在. He cant be reading. They must be waiting for you.此结构间或可表示“即将，将要这类意思。 I must be leaving now.间或表示老是在做某事，含称赞或批评语气。 Why must you always be finding fault with that girl? 你为什么总是和这姑娘过不去？3.“情态动词 + have done结构表示对已经发生的事
30、情的推测、责怪、懊悔、遗憾等。must have done，表示对过去事情把握极大的推测，意为“必定已经；“maymight) have done为把握不大的猜想“可能已经。注意must表示推测时，通常只用肯定句中。否认句为cantcouldnthave done疑问句can (could). have done. ? I didnt hear the telephone, so I must have been asleep. He cant have studied English before.may (might) have done还可表责备，“本来可以。could have don
31、e表示“本能够做某事而没做，指能力因素或可能性，可表示站在现在角度看过去较委婉也可指站在过去角度看过去的过去。can have done 只表示站在现在角度看过去，表可能性。He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy. 他本应可以给你更多帮助，尽管他非常忙。He could have walked to the station, it was so near.我们本可以走着去火车站，这么近。should (ought to) have done表示“本该做某事，但实际上没做should notought not
32、 to) have done表示“本不该做某事却做了The plant is dead. I should have given it more water.本该多浇水，而实际没有Tom ought not to have told me your secret.汤姆本不该把你的秘密告诉我但他告诉了。但实际却做了didnt need to do表示本不必做而实际上也没有做。I neednt have watered the flowers, for its going to rain.will/would have done可表示推测，也可表示与过去事实相反。 They will have arrived by now. 他们大概已经到了。 The car would have been out of control if he had not reacted quickly. 要不是他反响快，车子就会失控。 4.“情态动词+have been doing 表推测，有“应当一直在等含义。 They cant have been working for that long last night. 昨晚他们不可能工作那么久。 Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。