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综合学术英语教程3 答案
Unit 1 Definition
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Definition
Reading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology
2. Technology, on the other hand, is more of an applied science. It is where tools and knowledge
are used for the study of a particular science. For example, the science of energy can have
technology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in science, solar panels can be
used for a variety of technologies, an example of which are solar-powered lights.
From the following website:
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-science-and-technology/
#ixzz37toZQcug
Task 2 Understanding Lectures through Definition
Listening 1
1. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia
2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F
3.
Phobia
Characteristics 1
an extreme, irrational response
Characteristics 2
long-lasting
Characteristics 3
uncontrollable
Terms
Definition
Hypnophobia
fear of sleep
Cynophobia
fear of dogs
Aerophobia
fear of flying
Causes of Phobia
First theory
Phobia is the problem itself; it is learned.
Second theory
Phobia is a sign of a deeper problem a person has.
Task 3 Reading Definition Articles
1. 1) Indigenous knowledge means knowledge belonging to the country, rather than being
brought there from another country.
2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather broad and general.
3) For open discussion
2. 1) International knowledge system.
2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.
3) It contains the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to maintain or improve their
4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.
5) It is considered the social capital, meaning an essential resource for survival and means of
sustenance and livelihood.
6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b) The introduction of
foreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term gains or solutions to
problems that they cannot sustain.
7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primary health care,
preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.
8) A higher variance of traits, less susceptible to the frequent droughts, reduce risks.
9) a) Indigenous knowledge is vital for its bearers; b) Become fully aware of its value and
contributions to the intended objectives; c) It is an integral part of global knowledge in its
own right.
10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign knowledge.
Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge
3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4) a. unanimous 5) g. intrusion
6) u. dissemination 7) c. insights 8) l. susceptible 9) n. incorporating 10) f. vanish
11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement 15) k. alleviation
16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20) t. rational
4. For reference:
The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the terms and examples to
validate each facet. Both use classifications, descriptions, comparison and contrast for further
analysis. One big difference lies in the perspective to view the title, with the first a rather
holistic discussion ranging from the status quo to the settlement of the existing problems and
the second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.
Reading 3 Ultrasonics
5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue
6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity
11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe
16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize 20) inspect
6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. K
Para. K—e Para. B—a Para. C—c Para. D—f Para. E—h
Para. F—d Para. G—j Para. H—i Para. I—b Para. J—g
7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E
8. For open discussion
Task 4 Writing an Essay of Definition
Reading 4 Disruptive Technologies
1.
Parts
Paragraphs
Main Ideas
Supporting Details
I
A
Definition: Disruptive technologies are technological innovations which disrupt or change the status quo and the market for particular technologies.
Examples: flash memory, digital photography, compressed air batteries, gesture-based interfaces
II
B
Significance: generate a substantial improvement over existing technology
Classification:
1) low-market
2) new-market
C
First Classification: both low-and new-
market
Examples: digital camera
D
Second Classification: new-market
Examples: telephone
III
E
Third Classification: low-market
Examples: netbook
F
Conclusion: It is anything but easy to predict when a disruptive technology will work wonders. The best policy is to integrate investment, research and development once such technology turns out effective.
5. For reference only
1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during surgery.
2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.
3) All instruments need to be sterilized.
4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken into consideration.
5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment will be improved.
6) Some specific demands of the scientific establishment have to be made.
7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the whole world.
8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.
9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.
10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most precisely defined.
Integrated Exercises
2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate 7) encompass
8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario
3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.
3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were unaffected.
4) The scenery is beautiful but inaccessible to most ordinary travelers.
5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.
6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.
7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the massive loss of
sociability.
8) Many inventions such as gunpowder and the compass originated in China.
9) The frequency of mining accidents has decreased over the past 10 years.
10) The maximum number of places offered by the medical school for the applicants is 15.
5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict their children’s
outdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.
2) The local government has implemented a development program for the mountain climbers
to leave the surrounding region unaffected.
3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they are running.
4) To combat your anxiety, you should compel yourself to visualize a promising future in which a problem has already been settled.
5) He holds that developed countries should be held accountable for economic growth on a global scale.
6) Trash is not yet fully utilized, leading to overlooking the potential in it.
7) A large number of females choose the option of personal finance to achieve control of their own lives.
8)The university has decided to invest in the project because it has many technical advantages over other similar ones.
9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to overlook.
10) We are trying to achieve a sound understanding of liberal arts courses, which encompasses a wide range of subjects.
Listening 2
A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) T
B. (1) Clouding computing is about the provision of computer resources like SaaS, PaaS, and infrastructure provision while private computing isn’t.
(2) 67.
(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not a thing, and it cannot be defined by some specific products. It is a transformation or a transition involving concepts, ideas, ways of production, changing attitudes, etc.
(4) Because it is more than just technology, as the speaker further compares it to electricity, which has transformed from an innovation to much more of a utility service.
(5) Ubiquitous.
Listening 3
A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) D
B. compressed, whisper, external, pockets, panic, assembly, psychological, reflection, simultaneous, architecture, figure out, legitimate, instantaneous, clicking, addicted
C. (1) B, C (2) C
Unit 2 Classification
Keys to the Exercises
Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.
2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO2 ( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.).
3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
4) Classification helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.
5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.
Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming
2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource. It provides about one-quarter of the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline. Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare. Natural gas is comprised mostly of methane, although it also contains ethane, propane and butane. It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. It is also used to generate electricity. Unlike other fossil fuels, natural gas is cleaner and causes less pollution. Like other fossil fuels, this resource is depleting rapidly.
Task 2 Understanding Lectures through Classification
Listening 1
1. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.
2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F
3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation
Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict
Three Parts of Personality
Classifcations
Working Principles
Part One
id
The Pleasure Principle
Part Two
ego
Reality Principle
Part Three
superego
Not mentioned
4. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle” and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.
Task 3 Reading Classification Articles
Reading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary
1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
2) The purpose of using renewable energy sources.
The classification of renewable energy sources.
The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.
The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.
The history of the use of different energy sources.
□ How energy is obtained from various sources.
3) I would write:
(1) The definition of the renewable energy.
(2) The classification of the renewable energy.
(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.
2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.
2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.
3) The main demerit is that it is limited.
4) Sailors, farmers and architects.
5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products that can be harmful to the environment.
6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the heat.
7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity.
8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.
9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.
10) The Environmental Protection Agency.
3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve
6) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute 10) q. radiant
11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k. generator 14) d. capture 15) g. definitely
16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c. blade
Reading 3 Types of Pollution
5. 1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation
6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage
11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion
16) disrupt 17) particulate 18) underground 19) concentration 20) combat
6.
Paragraphs
Main ideas
(_k_) Para. A
a. Definition and sources of noise pollution.
(_s_) Para. B
b. Characteristics of radioactive pollution
(_z_) Para. C
c. Effects of water pollution.
(_f_) Para. D
d. Consequences of radiation pollution.
(_o_) Para. E
e. Causes of thermal pollution.
(_x_) Para. F
f. Effects of air pollution.
(_c_) Para. G
g. Problems caused by thermal pollution.
(_y_) Para. H
h. Undesirable results caused by light pollution.
(_q_) Para. I
i. Damages caused by noise pollution.
(_v_) Para. J
j. Causes and harms of visual pollution.
(_a_) Para. K
k. A general description of the 9 recognized sources of pollution.
(_i_) Para. L
l. Sources of radioactive pollution.
(_b_) Para. M
m. Effects of visual pollution.
(_l_) Para. N
n. Sources of visual pollution.
(_d_) Para. O
o. What is water pollution.
(_w_) Para. P
p. Definition and sources of personal pollution.
(_e_) Para. Q
q. Soil pollution sources.
(_g_) Para. R
r. The interrelations among all kinds of pollution.
(_u_) Para. S
s. The definition of air pollution.
(_h_) Para. T
t. How to eliminate personal pollution.
(_j_) Para. U
u. Definition and sources of lig
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