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小学英语语法汇总（蓝本）
可数名词与不可数名词“分家”
一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别
可数名词是可以按个数来计算的普通名词，分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。不可数名词是不能按个数来计算的普通名词，分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。
强调：不可数名词默认为单数，用is或者was；不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断。
二、可数名词的家务事
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：
1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。 如：book → books house → houses day → days
读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。
2. 以s,ss,ch,sh, x 结尾的在词尾加-es 。 如：bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches
dish → dishes box → boxes 读音：[iz]
3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的，将y改为i再加-es。如 city → cities factory → factories 读音：[z]
4. 以f 或fe 结尾的，将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives
wife → wives thief-thieves 读音：[z]
5. 特例（常考）
① child → children mouse→mice
② man → men woman→women policeman → policemen (规律：man → men)
③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes [注：黑人 英雄 土豆 西红柿加es其余加-s,,如：photo → photos ]
hero → heroes negro→negroes 读音：[z]
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [ oo变ee]
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish单、复数同形
⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。
三、 不可数名词的家务事
1. 不可数名词没有复数，作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：The food is very fresh.
2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义发生变化。 如：water (水) → waters (水域)
orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)
3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表种类时就可数，意义不发生变化。如： fruit → fruits
food → foods fish → fishes hair → hairs
4. 计算不可数名词的数量，要在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”如：a glass of water
a piece of paper
a bottle of juice
5.判断步骤：
↗如是am、is或was→原形
读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词
↘如是are或were→加s或es
A.用所给名词的适当形式填空
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
6. Lets take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.
9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.
11. I see you have a few white________(hair).
12. They are________(woman) doctors.
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
16.Are there two ( box ) on the table?
17.I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.
18.How many ( day ) are there in a week?
19.Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.
20.This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.
参考答案：1.sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves 9. children 10. dictionaries 11. hair, hairs 12. women 13. orange 14. foxes 15. juice
B.写出下列各词的复数
I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______
child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________
dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____
thief_____engineer____peach______sandwich______woman_______ leaf_______ people________
冠 词
冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，通常放在名词的前面，分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。
1、不定冠词：a、an用在单数名词前，表“一个，一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开头的单词前。
如：an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour
2、 定冠词：the用在单数或者复数名词前，没有具体意思，翻译为这、那。基本用法：
（1）表特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new.
（2）表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.
（3）表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
（4）用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球
（5）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Great Wall长城
（6）用在江河、湖海等专有名词前。 如：the ChangJiang River长江
（7）序数词、形容词最高级、乐器等词前和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词the。
如：the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
练一练：
1、用a或an填空。
____ “U”____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper____ teapot____ apple
____ office ____ English book____ umbrella ____ unit____ hour
2、根据需要，填写冠词a，an或the。
（1）Who is____girl behind____tree?
（2）____old man has two children,____ son and____daughter.
（3）This is____ orange.____ orange is Lucy’s.
（4）He likes playing____guitar. We have____same hobby.
（5）We all had____good time last Sunday.
（6）She wants to be____doctor.
数 词
分为基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少，而基数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。
区别：基数词前没有“the”；序数词前要有“the”。
1、超过二十以上的两位数需要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如：21 twenty-one
2、三位数以上的需在百位数后再加上and。 如：101 one hundred and one
3、基数词修饰可数名词时，别忘了其复数形式。 如：十八个男孩eighteen boys
4、基数词修饰不可数名词时，如是复数，变其量词为复数。 如：两碗米饭 two bowls of rice
5、序数词一般加“th”，特殊的：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth
二十及二十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth…
“第几十几”：前面整十不变，后面“几”改为序数词：88eighty-eighth
练一练：
1、请翻译下列短语。
（1）60名学生（2）15本英语书
（3）九杯凉水 （4）4个孩子
（5）12月31（6）6月2日
（7）第九周（8）40年前
（9）11+7（10）上学第一天
2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
one---two--- three--- nine--- fourteen---
twenty--- thirty-five---eighty-one
代 词
代词有两种：人称代词和物主代词。
1、人称代词分为：第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。
2、人称代词的主格做主语，用在动词前（疑问句除外）；宾格做宾语，用于动词、介词后。
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，后面一定要跟名词，表示该名词是属于谁的。
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。 如：This is my bag. = This is mine.
That is her ruler. = That is hers.
看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词；如无，就用名词性物主代词。
牢记：
单数
复数
人称
代词
主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
物主
代词
形容词性
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
练一练：
1.把表补充完整。
人称代词
物主代词
单数
复数
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
形容词性
名词性
形容词性
名词性
第一人称
me
us
our
第二人称
you
you
第三人称
he
them
his
their
her
it
its
2.用所给词的适当形式填空。
1）That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
2）The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
3）Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
4）_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
5）_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What color are _________? ( you )
6）Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
7）I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
8）Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
9）Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
10）_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she )
11）Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
12）Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
13）_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
14）The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
形容词、副词
1、形容词表某一事或人的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。
形容词和副词有三种形式：原形、比较级、最高级。 比较级：+er 最高级：the …+est
两个重要特征：as……as中间一定用原形，than的前面一定要+er。
2、形容词、副词比较级的规则变化：
（1）直接+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster单音节词如果以-e结尾，只加-r。如：late - later
（2）重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter
（3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er。 如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier
（4）双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如：beautiful - more beautiful,
careful - more careful,quietly - more quietly,interesting - more interesting
（5）不规则变化，须逐一记忆。 如：good/well – better, bad/ill – worse,
many/much – more, far – farther/further,
old – older/elder
练一练：
A.写出下列形容词、副词的比较级。
big good long tall old
short thin heavy young fat
light strong high far low
early late well fast slow
B.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1) I can swim as_______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
2) Look! His hands are_______ ( big ) than mine.
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
4) Whose bag is_______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
5) Does Jim run as_______（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
6) You have seven books, but I have_______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
7) I jump_______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s_______ ( thin ) than me.
9) It gets_______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
介 词
1、一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分，只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语，才能起作用。
有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front
of, out of, from…to…, at the back of
2、表时间的有：at, on, in
（1）at表“在某一个具体的时间点上”，或在固定词组中：at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…
（2）on表示“在某日或某日的时间段” ：on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning…
（3）in表示“在某一段时间（月份、季节）里” ：in the afternoon, in September, in summer,
in 2005…
3、in还有其他的固搭：in blue，in English，take part in
练一练：
1、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。
1) What’s this_______ ( at, on, in ) English?
2) Christmas is_______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
4) He doesn’t do well_______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
5) Look at those birds_______ ( on, in ) the tree.
6) We are going to meet_______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop_______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
7) Is there a cat_______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
8) Helen’s writing paper is_______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.
9) We live_______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
10) Does it often rain_______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
2、圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词。
1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now.
3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May?
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning.
7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English?
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?
动 词
动词包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词（就是我们平时总说的那种动词）。
动词、名词和形容词的区分方法：先用“一（量词）”（如：一个、一张等）和该词相连，如说得通，是名词；说不通再用“很”判断，把“很”和该词相连，说得通就是形容词；都说不通即动词。
1、 be动词（ am, is, are, was, were ）
1）am—was, is –was, are--were 口诀：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，所有复数全用are。
2）肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher.
She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long.
3）一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
4）be动词的否定形式： am not（没有缩写形式）， are not = aren’t ， is not = isn’t
练一练：
1、用be动词的适当形式填空。
1）I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? 2）The girl______ Jacks sister.
3）The dog _______ tall and fat. 4）The man with big eyes _______ a teacher.
5）______ your brother in the classroom?6）How _______ your father?
7）Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 8）Whose dress ______ this?
9）Whose socks ______ they? 10）Who ______ I?
11）The jeans ______ on the desk.
12）Here ______ a scarf for you.13）Here ______ some sweaters for you.
14）The black gloves ______ for Su Yang. 15）This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling.
16）The two cups of milk _____ for me.17）Some tea ______ in the glass.
18）Gao shans shirt _______ over there.19）My sisters name ______Nancy.
20）______ David and Helen from England?21）There ______ a girl in the room.
22）There ______ some apples on the tree. 23）_______ there any apple juice in the bottle?
24）There _______ some bread on the plate.25）You, he and I ______ from China.
26）There _______ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park.
2、助动词（ do, does, did ）
do, does用于一般现在时，其过去式did用于一般过去时。通常用在疑问句和否定句中。
否定形式：do not = don’t, does not = doesn’t, did not = didn’t。
注意：在一般现在时中，does用于第三人称单数，其余一律用助动词do；助动词do, does, did后面一定要用动词原形。
1) ______you like this magazine?
2) The girl______like bread for breakfast.
3) ---What______ she______ at the weekends? ---She usually plays games with her friends.
4) ---Wha______ you do last Sunday? ---I wrote to my friend.
5) ---Did you see a Beijing opera? ---No, I______.
6) He______not visit a farm last National Day holiday.
7) They______ not like playing volleyball.
8) ______Jim have a picnic with his family every Saturday? ---Yes, he .
9)______Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day?
10) ---How many kites______we have? ---We have ten.
3、情态动词
情态动词很特殊，平时不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。
情态动词有：can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must
注：情态动词后动词用原形。（不受任何条件影响）否定形式：can not = can’t, must not = mustn’t, …
注：may not和shall not（无缩写形式）
练一练：选择填空。
( ) 1) The sign on the wall means you______stay away from the building.
A. must
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