初级中学英语阅读讲义.doc

.\ 初 中 英 语 阅 读 讲 义 第一部分:阅读理解 第一节：题型概说 阅读理解是考查学生通过阅读短文获取信息、解决问题的能力，是上海市中考试题的“重中之重”。 初中学业考试要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告和广告等，主要考查学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力及对阅读策略的掌握情况。即：主要考查以下几种阅读的微技能： （1）理解主旨和要义； （主旨大意题） （2）理解所读材料的具体信息； （细节理解题） （3）根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词或词组的含义；（猜测词义题） （4）做出简单的判断和推理； （推理判断题） （5）理解文段中各句子之间的逻辑关系； （推理判断题） （6）理解作者的意图和态度。 （推理判断题 第二节：策略指导 一、主旨大意题。 主旨大意题主要考查学生对文章的整体把握及理解程度，一般要求学生通读全文后再作答。 1.提问方式： (1) The passage is mainly about ________. (2) The writer wants to tell us__________. (3) The main idea of the passage is________. (4) Which is the best title of the passage? (5) What do we learn from the text? …… 2.解题技巧： （1）先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。 （2）再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。寻找文章主旨大意的方法有如下几种： 找主题句： A.首尾段，首尾句。 B.首段出现疑问句或设问句时，对该问题的解答就是主旨大意。 C.段落中出现转折句时，该句很可能是主题句。 找反复出现的单词 找重复出现同一意思的词，即作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨。 这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。 3. 例题分析 1．主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。 主题句呈现的方式： 例题(1) 开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。 In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social(社交的)progress and prosperity(幸运; 顺利). Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship(关系, 联系)between people. 题目：What does this passage mainly talk about？ A.Competition helps to set up self-respect. B.Opinions about competition are different among people. C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development. D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. 例题(2) 藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. 题目：What’s the main idea of the passage？ A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet. 例题(3) 首尾呼应式：在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。 Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is… There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians. 题目：The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada 例题(4) 抛砖引玉式：文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。 How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural（不自然的, 反常的） environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful（尊重他人的）？ Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (栖息地). … Zoos claim (声称) to educate people and save endangered species (物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty…. … Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats. 题目： What does the author try to argue(表明) in the passage？ A.Zoos are not worth the public support. B.Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals. C.Zoos should treat animals as human beings. D.Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment. 例题(5) 藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。 Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade (贸易), 商业in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. 题目：The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. A. where handshaking was first practiced B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 2．选择最好的标题——选帽原则：像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。 例题(6) He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks（脸颊） have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours … The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning？” Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)… 题目：What would be the best title for the passage？ A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive？ C．A Christmas Story D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children？ 4. 主旨大意题专项练习 （1） It was a Sunday and the heavy storm had lasted all night. The morning after the storm, though, was beautiful: blue skies, warm air and a calm, inviting sea. My father realized it was a good day for fishing and invited my sister and me to go with him. I was only 14 and fishing had never been my thing, but I decided to go all the same. I’m so glad I did. Being on the boat, we found there was something meters away. When moving nearer, we saw it was a mother whale with her baby. We couldn’t believe it — there aren’t any whales along the coast. The storm must have driven them there, where the sea water was so dirty that nothing could live in it. The little baby whale—actually as big as our boat—was stuck and could not move. The mother went down into the water and came up suddenly, making big waves. “She’s trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side,” my father said. At this point, my father moved our boat to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently. With our several gentle pushes the baby whale turned over and disappeared under water. Then it swam up right beside its mum. They made great efforts to swim towards the deep sea but failed and started heading in the wrong direction. We hurried up to the whales and tried to lead them to the sea. Slowly, they let us lead them, sometimes rising from the water right beside us to breathe —and to give us a trusting look with those huge eyes. Once they hit their first part of clean water from the sea, the mum gave us a wave with her tail and off they swam into the deep sea. In the excitement it had felt like only a few minutes, but we had been with those wonderful animals for almost an hour and a half. That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Today, I still look back to that golden day at sea. 57. By telling the story, the writer wants to tell us that . A. saving lives makes people happy B. it’s a good experience to go fishing C. we should live with animals happily D. keeping sea water clean is important （2） Do you want to watch a hot movie while chatting with your friend on the phone, or shop with your mobile phone while, on a train? The ongoing technology development has made these things come to our daily life. It is said that China has had the right to use the third generation telecommunication technology (3G) since 2009. The so-called 3G technology allows mobile phone users enjoy high-speed Internet-based services. It helps increase mobility in many areas of our lives. Nowadays, many mobile phones allow you to send e-mails or read the latest stories on the Internet, but the speed is not pleasing, which is only 10 kilobytes (KB) per second. But 3G goes on the Interact with a speed of up to 2 megabytes (MB) per second. If recent mobile technology is like riding bikes on a country mad, then 3G will make you fly on the information highway. For example, a mobile phone with 3G technology can help download a three-minute MP3 song within two minutes while it will take you up to an hour to do this with your common mobile phone. In the UK and many other European countries where 3G services have around since 2003, 3G has already become a part of modem business life. Nowadays, office workers are able to spend some of their working hours at home. The new technology allows the first aid services to provide a video link with a hospital or doctor for patients who need special care. 61. Whats the main idea of this passage? A. You have to buy a new mobile phone if you want to enjoy 3G. B. 3G mobile technology makes our life richer and more convenient. C. In the future, you can enjoy high-quality music using your phone. D. 3G movies on mobile phones are coming to us in the nearby future. (3) Once there was a piano player in a bar(酒吧). People came just to hear him play. But one night, a lady asked him to sing a song. “I don’t sing,” said the man. But the lady told the waiter, “I’m tired of listening to the piano. I want the player to sing!” The waiter shouted across the room, “Hey, friend! If you want to get paid, sing a song!” So he did. He had never sung in public before. Now he was singing for the very first time! Nobody had ever heard the song Mona Lisa sung so beautifully! He had talent(天赋) he was sitting on! He may have lived the rest of his life as a no-name piano player in a no-name bar. But once he found, by accident, that he could sing well, he went on working hard and became one of the best-known singers in the US. His name was Nat King Cole. You, too, have skills and abilities. You may not feel that your talent is great, but it may be better than you think. With hard work, most skills can be improved. Besides, you may have no success at all if you just sit on your talent. 60. Which could be the best title (标题) for the passage? A. Sing in the Bar B. Achieve Success in Life C. Never Lose Heart D. Find Your Hidden Talent 二、细节理解题。 细节理解题又叫事实细节题，是中考阅读题中最常考的题型之一，考查学生理解所读材料的具体信息。 1、细节理解题选项特点 ◆正确选项特点：一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。 ◆干扰选项的特点： 1.句子内容部分正确，部分错误； （以偏概全） 2.是原文信息，但不是与题目相符的内容； （张冠李戴） 3.符合常识，但不是文章内容； （无中生有） 4.与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动，如某些表示程度、频率的词。（扩大内容） 2、 例题分析 例题（1）A survey has been published which shows that British people don’t like their neighbors very much. 80% of the people who took part in the survey feel that their neighbors hardly pay attention to other’s feelings. 25% don’t talk to the people who live next door and 10% don’t even know their names. In fact, one million people in Britain would like to move because they don’t get along well with their neighbors. 文章后面有这样一道题：How many percent of people never talk to their neighbors? 　　A. 80% B. 25% C. 10% D. 90% 解析：根据该段中的句子“25% don’t talk to the people who live next door”可以知道正确答案为B。“the people who live next door”指的就是neighbors，题目正是用了不同的词语或单词来代替文章中的原句。 例题（2）The biggest challenge now is to find ways to bring the satellites back to the earth after a year or two. Otherwise, major highways of space junk could gradually increase as CubeSats become more common. 60. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. CubeSats could possible cause pollution in space. B. A few kids will send applications for the project. C. Scientists designed CubeSats for the kid to play with D. Students can’t design satellites without college education. 解析：此题考查的是细节事实题，这道题是单词的同义转换，问题当中用的是“junk” 垃圾这个单词，答案中用的是“pollution”污染这个词，虽然形式不一样，但是却表达的是一个意思。 例题（3） When you cough or sneeze, you’d better turn your head away from others and cover your month with the full part of your hand. And then, you should say, “Excuse me”. 51.When you cough or sneeze, you should _______ A. touch everything B. cover your mouth C. point out to the kids D. pass the germs to others 解析：此题较简单我们可以直接从原文中找出答案，答案只是对原文进行了同义转述。 例题（4） Shanghai---Today there more than 350,000 people visiting the Expo(世博)。The French pavilion is still the hottest. Over 3,000 people waiting in line in front of it .The organizers suggest visitors go to other pavilions first .In fact , pavilions of countries such as Russia , Canada, Japan and America are all very good. Xi’an ---Today more than 2,000 people have written their names on a paper. They promise to use less energy and live a low-carbon(低碳) life .Let’s follow them .Cut off the power of your computer when you don’t use it .Turn off the lights when going out. Use buses more. Share your cars with others .Eat less meat. Let’s do our best to stop the earth from warming. Ankang---A taxi driver found a bag in his car this morning. There was 10,000 yuan in it . The kind-hearted driver gave the bag to the police. The police have now found the owner, a businessman from Baoji. To show his thanks, the owner wanted to give him 500 yuan, but the driver didn’t take it . He says it is something that any taxi driver will do． Xining---A special train is now leaving Xining f