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Unit 1
Part II Reading task
Comprehension
Possible answers to content questions
1. It refers to the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
2. He expected the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
3. Instead of fighting, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. They let the Russian winter fight the war for them while they bided their time.
4. Napoleon discovered that the occupation of the city was an empty victory because the Russians fled their capital leaving him almost nothing at all.
5. They suffered heavy losses as a result of the extreme cold and the Russians hit-and-run attacks.
6. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile.
7. Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 without a declaration of war. He expected the campaign to last no longer than three months by using the so-called "lightning war" tactics.
8. No, he wasnt. He instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.
9. The people of Leningrad refused to surrender and put up a heroic, stiff resistance.
10. An early, severe, cold winter, to a large extent, slowed down the German advance on Moscow.
11. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over.
12. The author concludes that the elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.
Text Organization
1.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-2 Introduction —Both Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.
Part Two Paras 3 -11 Napoleons military campaign against Russia
Part Three Paras 12-20 Hitlers military campaign against the Soviet Union.
Part Four Para 21 Conclusion —The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.
2.
Sections Paragraphs Main Ideas
Section One Paras 12 -13 Hitlers blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalins scorched-earth policy.
Section Two Paras 14 -18 The battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad.
Section Three Paras 19-20 The Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the war.
Language Sense Enhancement
1.
1) the fierce resistance 2) the long march
3) the devastating enemy 4) bleak
5) launched 6) military might
7) mowed down 8) campaign
9) a painful lesson 10) the aid
Vocabulary
I.
1.
1) alliance 2) at the cost of
3) stroke 4) limp
5) minus 6) regions
7) declarations 8) siege
9) raw 10) bide his time
11) have taken their toll 12) in the case of
2.
1) is faced with 2) get bogged down
3) is pressing on/pressed on 4) drag on
5) get by 6) dine out
7) have cut back 8) get through
3.
1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future.
2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers strike.
3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career.
4) Obviously the reporters question caught the foreign minister off guard.
5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date/obsolete.
4.
1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our base.
2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization.
3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks.
II.
1 During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium .
2 Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts/homework paid off.
3 I spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words.
4 Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.
III.
1 fall ill
2 lay dead at home for two weeks
3 dropped dead from a heart attack
4 fell asleep.
5 marrying young
6 to sit still for longer than a few minutes
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1．
1) invasion 2) stand in the way
3) Conquest 4) catching (Stalin) off his guard
5) launching 6) declaration
7) campaign 8) drag on
9) reckon with 10) bringing (the German advance) to a halt
2．
1) allow 2) reckoned 3) highly 4) forecasts 5) rapidly
6) instant 7) delivery 8) advantage 9) observing 10) powerful
II. Translation
1.
1) Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.
2) We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons.
3) Having been out of a job/Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.
4) Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgement.
5) Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.
2.
The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy at night and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.
Part III Home Reading Task
Comprehension Check
1. d 2. d
3. b 4. a
5. b 6. d
Translation
1. 6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。
2. 然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，可能性微乎其微。
3. 要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。
4. 尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。
Language Practice
1.
1) d 2) h 3) b 4) a 5) f 6) e 7) c 8) g
2.
1) boast 2) obstacles
3) was concerned 4) call (it) off
5) paid off 6) was pinned down
7) contesting 8) prior to
9) hold out 10) objective
11) responsible for 12) in case
Part IV Comprehensive Language Practice
Model paper
Can Man Triumph over Nature?
When people talk of man triumphing over nature, many things come to mind. One thinks of successes in medicine in the fight against disease, such as the invention of antibiotics and the promise held out by advances in biogenetic engineering. On a broader scale, one thinks of mans success in harnessing new forms of energy from steam power through oil to nuclear power.
Yet, nature has often hit back in unexpected ways to these attempts to tame it. New forms of disease that are resistant to antibiotics are constantly developing. Burning fossil fuels has led to fears of global warming; while nuclear power has produced dangerous waste that will remain a hazard for generations to come.
However, perhaps to talk of man triumphing over nature is the wrong way to look at the matter. We need to find ways to work with nature rather than forever fighting against it.
(154 words)
Unit 2
Part I Listening Task
Script for the recording:
Were going to see more and more automation as time goes on. Making a car that goes more than 100 km/h isnt a huge engineering problem — but human drivers cant respond fast enough to make those speeds safe. Personally, Im all in favor of letting the car drive itself. Id much rather trust my life to the efforts of engineers and programmers than the angry, sleepy, distracted, incompetent, drunken people who are behind a lot of wheels now.
Its often been said that anyone could have predicted the automobile, but only a science-fiction writer could have predicted the traffic jam. Well, here I am predicting the end of traffic jams: computer-controlled cars wont get in each others way, and they wont slow down as their drivers gaze at accidents — in part because there will be many fewer accidents, and in part because the passengers in the car will be able to get a decent look without the car going at a slower speed.
There really are a lot of pluses to the self-driving car: you can sleep, drink, read, watch TV, do work — whatever you want — while getting safely and efficiently to your destination. For my money, we cant make the transition soon enough. "Road rage" will be a thing of the past; theres no reason driving should be frustrating, or why car accidents should be the leading cause of death of men under the age of 25.
Still, there will be a desire to get out on the open highway and just drive — people do enjoy that, and it wont entirely disappear. But in the future when we talk about hybrid cars well mean cars that can be both self-driven and controlled by a driver; the terms "manual" and "automatic" wont refer to transmissions but the totality of operating the vehicle. So, yeah, you can get out on the highway when the mood strikes you — but most of the other vehicles will still be driving themselves.
After Listening
1. the efforts of engineers and programmers
2. traffic jams
3. the leading cause of death
4. a hybrid
Part II Reading task
Comprehension
Possible answers to content questions
1. The automobile industry ranked as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century.
2. Cars and roads will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century.
3. Because it is sensors that will enable vehicles and roads to be able to see, hear, feel, smell, talk, and act.
4. Sensors can sense if a driver is drunk and refuse to start up the engine.
5. The radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. If you make a serious driving mistake the computer will sound an immediate warning.
6. If the drivers eyelids close for a certain length of time and his or her driving becomes erratic, a computer in the dashboard could alert the driver.
7. GPS makes it possible for smart cars to determine their location on the earth to within about a hundred feet.
8. With the price of microchips dropping so drastically, future applications of GPS are virtually limitless.
9. It is expected to put smart cars on smart highways.
10. They are installing an MIT-designed system which will introduce the "automated driver".
11. They have great hopes for its future. By 2010, telematics may well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the United States. By 2020, telematics could be adopted in thousands of miles of highways in the United States.
12. Smart highways could be an environmental boon, saving fuel, reducing traffic jams, decreasing air pollution, and serving as an alternative to highway expansion.
Text Organization
1.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-3 New technology will have a dramatic impact on cars and highways in the 21st century.
Part Two Paras 4–9 With the aid of advanced technology, smart cars will be so designed that they can help eliminate traffic accidents, determine their own precise locations and warn of traffic jams.
Part Three Paras 10 – 13 GPS and "telematics" will make it possible to build smart highways, which will benefit us in a number of ways.
2.
1) Smart cars can see, hear, feel, smell, talk, and act.
2) They can eliminate most of car accidents;
3) They can alert the police and provide precise location of your car if stolen;
4) They can monitor ones driving and the driving conditions nearby;
5) They can alert the driver who feels drowsy;
6) They can locate your car precisely and warn of traffic jams.
Language Sense Enhancement
1.
1) cure 2) impact
3) orbiting satellites 4) warn of
5) location 6) At any given time
7) vibrate 8) detected
9) calculate 10) converted
Vocabulary
I
1.
1) expansion 2) automated
3) vapor 4) take control of
5) hazards 6) satellite
7) vibrated 8) magnetic
9) bunched 10) in the air
11) got/was stuck in 12) approximately
2.
1) send out 2) stand up for
3) pass for 4) were closing in on
5) starting up 6) went through
7) fill out 8) fall into
3.
1) The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features
2) To suspend our hammock, we need to find two trees ten feet apart.
3) Jason faces up to 10 years in prison for offering bribery money to the US navy official responsible for awarding lucrative contracts to his construction firm.
4) Manufacturers usually begin by building the prototype of a new model before they set up a factory to make the cars.
5) Medical evidence shows that smoking and lung cancer are correlated in all racial groups.
4.
1) In the 1980s the notion that a car would drive itself was science fiction; today with the application of telematics and remote control, it almost has turned into a reality. Presently lots of the world’s leading automobile companies are poised to launch new smart cars.
2) Sounds are produced by objects that vibrate in the air at a rate that the ear can detect. This rate is called frequency and is measured in hertz, or vibrations per second.
3) Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other significant places on the road. Whats more, automated vehicle-control technologies are presently under development to improve highway safety. These devices are mounted in the vehicle and can alert a driver to an impending hazard or, in an emergency, override the actions of the driver.
II. Word Formation
Clipped words Blends
kilo kilogram Medicare medical care
memo memorandum email electronic mail
gym gymnasium comsat communications satellite
lib liberation newscast news broadcast
doc doctor skyjack sky hijack
vet veterinarian Eurodollar European dollar
prep preparatory brunch breakfast and lunch
auto automobile telecast television broadcast
flu influenza Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge
III. Usage
1. swimming pool 2. drawing board
3. enriched Middle English 4. disturbing change
5. fully developed prototype 6. Canned foods
7. working population 8. puzzling differences
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1.
1 ) computerized 2) start up
3) be poised to 4) alert
5) hazards 6) monotonous
7) take control of 8) steer
9) lane 10) decrease
11) calculate 12) eliminate
13) getting stuck in 14) mounted
15) detect 16) vapor
2.
1) generates 2) related 3) revolutionized 4) enabled 5) opportunities
6) overall 7) manufacturing 8) dependent 9) interact 10) fatalities
II. Translation
1.
1）There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the
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