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Unit1
1.F International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.
2. T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages.
3. T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers
4. T International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale.
5.T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade
6. T Still in some cases, political reasons can outweigh economic considerations between countries.
7. T When we provide shipping insurance service for foreigners, it can be seen as an example of invisible trade.
8.F Trade surplus means that a country’s imports exceed its exports.
9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers.
10. T A duty levied on a specific shipment can be an import, a protective and a compound duty at the same time.
1. ___________ is the reason why international trade first began. a. Uneven distribution of resources c. Economic benefit b. Pattern of demand d. Comparative advantage
2. If one country concentrates on the production of the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, and produces more than it can use, then it will sell the left to other countries. This reason for international trade is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization b. variety of style d. patterns of demand
3. The production cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization b. variety of style d. patterns of demand
4. The followings are the special problems for international trade except for ___________. a. using foreign languages and foreign currency c. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differences
5. ___________ refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries. a. Invisible trade c. International trade b. Visible trade d. Balance of trade
6. Invisible trade consists of the following items except for ___________. a. transport services across national borders c. insurance services across national borders b. foreign tourist expenses d. product exchange across national borders
7. ___________ is the difference between the value of the goods and services that a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports. a. Trade balance c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrier
8. Each country has to earn ___________ to pay for imports. a. money c. cash b. foreign exchange d. currency
9. ___________ is collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariff c. Specific duty b. Protection tariff d. Alternative duty
10. Which is not the example of trade barriers? ___________ a. Tariffs c. Import duties b. Quotas d. Income tax
1. 国际贸易international trade
2. 比较优势comparative advantage
3. 规模经济economies of scale
4. 经济增长economic growth
5. 外汇foreign currency
6. 有形贸易visible trade
7. 无形贸易 invisible trade
8. 贸易差额balance of trade
9. 贸易顺差trade surplus
10. 贸易逆差trade deficit
11. 贸易壁垒trade barrier
12. 非关税壁垒.non-tariff barrier
13. 财政关税revenue tariff
14. 保护关税revenue tariff
15. 进口关税import duty
16. 出口关税export duty
17. 从量税specific duty
18. 从价税Ad valorem duty
19. 进口许可证import license
20. 配额quota
翻译
1. International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
国际贸易， 又称世界贸易、 对外贸易或海外贸易， 是国与国之间商品和服务的交换交换。
2. Trade may occur because of economies of scale, that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
贸易可能源于规模经济， 即大规模生产带来的成本优势。
3. Visible trade refers to exports and imports of goods, while invisible trade refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries.
有形贸易即产品的进出口， 而无形贸易则指服务和资产的交换。
4. If a country’ s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus and the trade balance issaid to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its tradebalance is said to be negative.
如果出口大于进口， 即为贸易顺差， 称为出超； 如果进口大于出口， 则为贸易逆差， 称为入超。
5. A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.
关税即当货物跨越关境边界时征收的税， 关境通常就是国境。
6. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time.
配额是对某一商品在某一特定时期的进出口加以价值或数量上的限定。
7. 各种形式的贸易壁垒主要来源于政府干预(government intervention)。
Various forms of trade barriers are largely derived from government intervention.
8. 近年来中国经济迅速增长， 贸易结构也相应改变很大。
China’s economic growth has been tremendous in recent years and its trade structure has correspondingly undergone considerable transformation.
9. 当前国际贸易中最大的困难是非关税壁垒， 如进口配额、 出口管制等。
The major difficulties in international trade today are the non-tariff barriers like quota sdttl and export controls.
10. 大多数贸易协定是多边协定， 而非双边协定。
Most trade agreements today are multilateral rather than bilateral.
Unit2
T1.A term for defining one particular grade of quality in one country may have quite a different meaning in another country.
T2.In the case of sale by buyer’s sample or sale by seller’s sample, the quality of the commodities should be strictly the same as what of the sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly.
F3.The grades of the same product are always the same in different countries.
F4.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods. T5.Different ways of measurement such as by weight, by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products.
F6.In reality, the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with that stipulated in the contract.
T7.Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo.
F8.Generally speaking, more packing is required for containerized consignments.
T9.Marking of goods can facilitate loading, unloading, transit, storage, inspection and help avoid wrong shipment.
T10.Nos.1- 150 in the shipping mark means that there are 150 packages of goods and this package is the first one.
1. The sample made by the seller according to the buyer’s, and then sent to and confirmed by the buyer is called d. counter sample
2. ___________ are usually sold by trade mark or brand name? a. Manufactured goods with steady quality
3. The methods commonly used to express the quality include the followings except for ___________. a. sale by sample b. sale by materials c. sale by description d. sale by trade mark or brand name
4. In international trade, the goods that are demanded on special shape or the characteristics of color and taste should be sold ___________. a. by sample b. by specification c. by grade d. by name of origin
5. Quality standard of FAQ is usually used in the trade of ___________. a. agricultural products b. wood c. aquatic products d. manufactured goods
6. If there is a quality tolerance clause in a contract, within the range of the tolerance, the buyer___________. a. must accept the goods b. can refuse the goods c. can demand the price to be adjusted
7. Quality latitude can be stipulated in the contract in the following ways except for______. a. to stipulate a certain scope b. to stipulate more or less clause c. to stipulate “max” or “min” d. to stipulate a tolerance
8. A company exports 50 tons of wheat, but the exporter delivers the extra 2 tons. If there is no other regulation on quantity in the L/C, then the importer should ___________. a. accept 52 tons b. refuse to take 52 tons c. accept extra 1 ton d. refuse to accept extra 2 tons
9. The more or less clause is normally used for ___________. a. bulk goods b. packed units c. individual items d. containerized goods
10. The followings are the typical examples of indicative marks except for ___________. a. Handle with care b. Inflammable c. Keep upright d. Keep in dry place
1. 商品描述 description of commodity
2. 对等样品 counter sample
3. 复样 duplicate sample
4. 参考样品 original sample / reference sample
5. 凭规格买卖 sale by specifications
6. 良好平均品质 FAQ
7. 上好适销品质 GMQ
8. 品牌 brand
9. 商标 trade mark
10. 品质公差 quality tolerance
11. 品质机动幅度 quality latitude
12. 数量 quantity
13. 计量单位 unit of measurement
14. 公吨 metric ton
15. 溢短装条款 more or less clause
16. 包装 packing
17. 纸箱 carton
18. 装运标志/唛头 shipping mark
19. 指示性标志 indicative marks
20. 警告性标志 warning marks
1. In order to take the initiative, the seller may reproduce the buyer’s sample, and send it back to the buyer as a type sample. After the buyer confirms this sample, sale by buyer’s sample is changed into sale by the seller’s counter sample.
为了采取主动，卖方可根据买方样品加工出类似样品交买方确认。买方确认后，凭买方样品买卖变为凭卖方对等样品买卖。
2. FAQ means a quantity of a product that is offered not on a particular quality specification but on the basis that is equal to the average quality of the current group or recent shipment. 良好平均品质是指不按特定商品规格，而以近期的一批货物或装船货物的平均品质为基础提供的一批货物。
3. Tolerance means the permissible range within which the quality supplied by the seller may be either superior or inferior to the quality stipulated in the contract.
公差指卖方交货品质优于或劣于合同规定质量的许可范围。
4. It is very difficult to measure accurately some agricultural and mineral products like corn, wheat, coal, etc., then a “more or less clause”, also called “plus or minus clause”, may be used to allow some tolerance in the quantity.
有时难以保证装运商品的数量与合同规定完全相符，因此会使用溢短装条款或称增减条款以允许数量差额。
5. Unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, or the goods are to be calculated by number of package, 5% more or less of the goods in quantity should be accepted.
如果未规定商品质量不能增加或者减少，则可有5%的增减幅度。
6. Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. Bulk cargoes require little packing. General merchandises require adequate packing of various types.
包装应按货物的需要来设计。散装货几乎不用包装，大路货需要不同类型的合适包装。 7. 我方对产品质量很满意，想知道它们是怎么包装的。
We appreciate the quality of your products but would like to know how they are packed.
8. 豆子是以散装或尼龙袋供应的。
The beans are supplied in bulk or in gunny bags.
9. 我方采用纸箱而非木箱，因为纸箱同样适用于海上运输，但成本更少，重量更轻。
We have now adopted carton packing instead of wooden cases as the former is just as seaworthy as the latter while the cost is less and the weight lighter.
10. 每罐装330毫升零度可口可乐，每24罐装一纸箱。
Pack the Coco Cola Zero in tins of 330ml each, 24 tins to a carton.
Unit3
T1.A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unitand price terms.
F2. Both money of account and money of payment must be stipulated in the contract clearly.
T3. The fluctuations of exchange rates may influence the interests of traders
T.4. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in another currency.
T5. Generally speaking, the exporter likes to use hard currency as payment currency.
T6. Commission refers to service fees, while discount is a certain percent of price reduction.
F7. Commission and discount must be stipulated in the price clause in a contract.T8. According to whether the price includes commission or not, the price can be divided into net price and commission-included price.
T9. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales.
T10. “USD200.00 per M/T CIFC2% London”means that the seller will receive 200.00US dollars for per metric ton.
1. Total cost of exporting includes ___________. a. production cost c. production cost and all charge before exporting b. sales price d. production cost, all charge and taxes before exporting
2. Which one is the best expression of unit price in international trade?___________ a. CIF LONDON US$1010/MT b. USD1,010.00/MT c. CIF LONDON USD1,010.00/MT d. CIF LONDON $1,010.00
3. The seller reduces the price by a certain percentage of the original price for the buyer, that’s to say, the seller does proper favor in price for the buyer. The favor is called____. a. commission b. discount c. advance payment d. deposit
4. While choosing the money for the payment in international trade, one should _____. a. choose hard money b. choose soft money c. choose soft money for export and hard money for import d. choose hard money for export and soft money when import
5. In international trade, the method of calculating plain commission is ___________. a. net price multiplied by commission rate b. commission-included price multiplied by commission rate c. net price divided by（one minus commission rate） d. commission-included price divided by（one minus commission rate）
6. In international trade, the commission is usually collected by ___________. a. the exporter b. the importer c. the insurance company d. the intermediary
7. Which one is the price including commission? ___________ a. FOBS b. FOBT c. FOBST d. FOBC
8. Which one of the following quotation is improper? ___________ a. FOB QINGDAO USD10.00/PC b. CIF LIVERPOOL GBP125.00/MT c. FOB SHANGHAI $15.25/PC d. FOB JINAN USD2.00/KG
9. The followings are included in CFR and CPT prices expect for ___________. a. production cost b. freight c. insurance premium d. profit
10. If the unit price clause is stipulated as“USD 200.00 per metric ton CIF London less 3% discount”, the seller will receive ___________ US dollars for one metric ton. a. 200.00 b. 194.00 c. 206.00 d. 196.00
1. 单价unit price
2. 总值total amount
3. 欧元EUR/Euro
4. 英镑GBP
5. 价格术语price term
6. 计价货币money/currency of account
7. 支付货币money/currency of payment
8. 本币home currency
9. 硬(通)货币hard currency
10. 软(通)货币soft currency
11. 汇率exchange rate
12. 外汇保值条款exchange proviso clause
13. 中间商intermediary
14. 明佣plain commission
15. 现金折扣cash discount
16. 数量折扣 quantity discount
1. A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms.
单价由四部分组成： 计价货币、 单位价格金额、 计量单位和价格术语。大连理工大学出 版社
2. In ISO 4217 Currency Code List, the currency code is composed of the country’s two character Internet country code plus an extra character to denote the currency unit.
在国际标准化组织4217货币代码表中， 货币代码由国家网络代码的两个字母和代表计价单位的另一个字母组成。
3. Total amount equals to the unit price multiplied by the quantity of the goods. It is often shown in the contract not only in Arabic numbers but also in English words.
总值等于单价乘以商品的数量。 合同中的总值不止用阿拉伯数字表示， 还用英大连理工大学出 版社文字表示。
4. Theoretically, use of hard currency as payment currency is more favorable to the exporter, while the importer prefers to pay in soft currency.
理论上来说， 以硬通货币作为支付货币对出口商来说更有利， 而进口商更愿意用软货币。
5. Foreign exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.
汇率就是两国货币间的价格关系或一种货币相对于另一种货币的价格。大连理工大学出 版社
6. Plain commission is often represented by a capital letter “C” followed a percentage of commission rate, which is inserted into the price term, for example,“USD200.00 per M/TCIFC2% London
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