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1、高考总复习9：非谓语动词的用法和区别考试要求：非谓语动词是高中阶段的语法重点和难点，高考大纲语法局部明确要求，考生们必须掌握动词不定式、动词ing形式根据功能可分为现在分词和动名词、动词ed形式在句子中的各种用法。高考的各大题型对非谓语动词的用法以及区别的考查都有涉及。同时这也是很多同学学习的难点。知识总结：不定式的用法1.不定式作主语，不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。To lose your heart means failure.It took me only five minutes to finish the job.To do two things at
2、 a time is to do neither以下动词要求必须接不定式做宾语：attempt企图；enable能够；neglect无视；afford负担得起；demand要求；long渴望；arrange安排；destine注定；mean意欲，打算；expect期望；omit忽略，遗漏；appear似乎，显得；determine决定；manage设法；cease停止； pretend假装；ask要求；agree同意；desire愿望；love爱；volunteer志愿；wish希望；bear承受；endeavor努力；offer提供；beg请求；fail不能；plan方案；bother扰乱，
3、烦恼；prefer喜欢，宁愿；care关心，喜欢；happen碰巧；prepare准备；decide决定；learn学习；regret抱歉，遗憾；choose选择；hesitate犹豫；claim要求；hope希望；promise承诺，允许；start开始；undertake承接；want想要；consent同意，赞同；intend想要；refuse拒绝；seek找，寻觅；try试图What she wants to do most now is (to) travel abroad. The most important thing is to take measures to preven
4、t the pollution. 主语的内容或性质 He is to marry Rose. 表按方案要做的事情 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系：He was the last one to leave school yesterday 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系：Get him something to eat I need a pen to write with.The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.We often hear her sing the song at home.省略toMy teacher as
5、ked me to go there on time.She was considered to have stolen the money.以下词常接不定式做宾补：see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，taste，smell，make，let，have6.不定式作目的状语，相当于用in order (not) to，so as (not) to引导的目的状语。Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.7.不定式作结果状语，常用
6、enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词 as to do结构。Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.He is brave enough to go out alone at nightIm not such a fool as to believe that.8.不定式作原因状语，常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后。I am happy to
7、 see you.She was sad to hear the bad news.9.不定式的完成式，表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem，appear，be said，be supposed，be believed，be thought，be known，be reported等动词常用不定式的完成式。此外，形容词glad，happy，satisfied，sorry，surpri
8、sed，disappointed后也接完成式，但要注意与一般式的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起，请稍等。说话时还未等Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。说话时已等了很久不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。 I watched him disappear in the dis
9、tance. 介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do，不定式要省去to。 We did nothing but/except wait then. 不定式符号to作表语时的省略。当主语局部有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to可省略。 What I want to do now is (to) find some books to read. 11.不定式后动词的省略 动词love, mean, want, hate, like, wish, expect, hope，try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem
10、及be glad (pleased, delighted, happy) to 等后面接不定式时，为防止重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保存to不定式符号。 但句式 would have done , should have done, ought to have done, neednt have done , used to be 等省略形式为 would have, should have, ought to have, neednt have, used to be, 要保存不定式后的be或have。 -Are you a sailor? - No, but I used to be
11、(a sailor). 12.疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。 When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。双重宾语不定式运用口诀本
12、领最多不定式，主，表，宾，补，定和状。样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。大家千万要留神，有时它把句型改，作主宾时用“it, 自己在后把身藏。七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for sb. ;to前not是否认， 各种用法区别开。 动名词的用法：1. 动名词作主语Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.Its no use waiting here.2. 动名词作表语The nurses job is looking after the patients. 描述护士的工作内容 The nurse i
13、s looking after the patients.(进行时态，表示动作在进行)3. 动名词作宾语以下动词后只能接动名词： cease 停止；mention说到，讲到；admit 成认；tolerate忍受；dislike不喜欢，讨厌；appreciate 感谢，欣赏；avoid防止；enjoy享有，喜爱；bear忍受；cant help不禁；delay延迟；escape逃跑，逃避；cant stand 受不了；deny 否认；consider 考虑； fancy梦想，爱好；mind 介意；miss错过；finish完成，结束；resist抵抗，阻止；forgive 原谅；imagine
14、 设想；postpone 延迟，延期；risk 冒险；practice 实行，实践；suggest 建议；Do you mind my opening the windows? 以下动词短语接动名词：leave off停止，戒掉, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble/ difficulty (in) doing sth.，devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worthI am used to watching TV in the eve
15、ning. 4. 动名词作定语动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系。a sleeping bag 睡袋a walking stick 拐杖5. 动名词的时态和语态：否认式为not doing; 被动式为being done；完成式为 having doneI am used to watching TV in the evening. She regret not having studied the computer hard. His being looked down upon made him sick.I cant really stand being treat
16、ed like that. 分词用法：现在分词作状语：现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。V-ing 形式作状语,可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬等含义, 相当于一个对应的状语从句所表达的意思。Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.= When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.1当v-ing形式作状语时，假设它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，需用having done。2. v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和
17、主语保持一致；否那么必须带有自己的逻辑主语。注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性：时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时那么用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规那么“主动进行，被动完成。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。过去分词过状语过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等。过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。表示时间：Seen (When it is) from the space, th
18、e earth looks blue.表示条件：Kept (If they are) in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.表示原因：(As they were) Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.表示伴随情况：She walked out of the house, (and was) followed by her little daughter.表示让步：(Although he was ) Beaten by the enemy, he refuse
19、d to let out the secret.独立主格：分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.分词作定语分词作宾补跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have，get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者
20、，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 非谓语动词的其他考点：1. 主语一致2. with的复合结构：with + 名词+ to do/ doing/ done非谓语动词的用法区别：不定式与动名词做主语的用法比拟： 动词原形不能在句中做主语。如果某个动词在句中需做主语，我们可以把它变成动名词或动词不定式，有时它们的意思没多大区别。To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. 一般来讲，在表示比拟抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。Smokin
21、g is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 笼统地谈吸烟问题To finish the job in two days is impossible.要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。具体地谈这项工作 不定式做主语时，通常用形式主语it 于句首，把不定式置于句尾，使句子平稳，以防止头重脚轻。动名词做主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于good, use, a waste of time等词的后面。It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if yo
22、u cant drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。 在There is no句型中，常用动名词做主语。There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。不定式和动名词作宾语的用法比拟： 有些及物动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式。见前文 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义根本一样。begin, start, continue,
23、hate, like, love, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。We began making /to make plans for the work.我们开始制定工作方案。I like playing/to play the piano.我喜欢弹钢琴。He continued working/ to work as if nothing had happened.他继续工作就好似什么事都没发生过。 有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。mean to do sth. 打算干某事；mean doing 意味着I didnt m
24、ean to hurt you. 我没打算伤害你。Missing the bus means waiting for an hour. 误了车就意味着等一个小时。stop to do sth.停下来去做某事；stop doing sth. 停止做某事I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。go on to do sth. 做完一件事之后接着做另一件事；go on doing sth.继续做某事After learning history, we went on to l
25、earn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。You shouldnt go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。try to do sth. 试图做某事；try doing sth.试试做某事往往表示某种方法或方式Lets try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。forget, regret, remember后接不定式表示尚未发生的动作，接动名词表示已经发生的动作。I forgot to write him a lette
26、r.我忘了给他写信。 以前没写信I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。 曾写过信I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。 曾见过Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 目前还没写I regretted speaking to them about it.我懊悔跟他们讲过那件事。 以前讲过I regret to tell you that you didnt pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 以前没告诉过你be used to do sth. 被用
27、来做；be used to doing sth. 习惯于做We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。cant helptodo sth. 不能帮助做某事；cant help doing sth. 不禁We cant help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。On hearing the news, we couldnt help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。有些动词后面直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后
28、面有名词或代词宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to 的不定式。如：allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider。We dont allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。We dont allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。He advised having a rest.他建议休息。He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。I consider him to be honest.我认为他老实。need
29、, require, want 表示主语“需要被作某种处置，其后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式均可。The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired.这个桥梁需要修一修了。介词除but以外后面的动词一律用动名词形式。but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用不定式，如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，那么but 后面用动词原形，否那么，就用不定式形式。They are interested in singing.他
30、们爱好唱歌。 动名词singing作介词in的宾语He did nothing but cry.他什么也没做，只是哭。but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形I had no choice but to cry.我别无方法，只好哭。but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式动名词、不定式和分词作表语的用法比拟：动名词和不定式都可以作表语，一般来讲，在表示比拟抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来动作时，多用不定式，有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。My job is typing letters and papers.我的工作就是打信
31、件和文件。打信件和文件是我日常的工作The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。 当主语是动名词形式时，表语一般也用动名词形式，如果主语是不定式结构，表语一般也用不定式结构。Saving is having. =To save is to have.不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.节约即是收入。Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn.(不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach i
32、s learning.)教书是学习。 现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人的；过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到的。interesting 令人有兴趣的，有趣的；interested 感兴趣的 tiring 令人疲劳的；tired 感到疲倦的moving 令人感动的；moved 受到感动的exciting 令人冲动的；excited 感到冲动的puzzling 令人迷惑的；puzzled 感到迷惑的disappointing 令人失望的； disappointed 感到失望的She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。The r
33、esult is disappointing. 结果令人失望。The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。The window is broken. 窗户打破了。分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作The book is well written.这本书写得不错。分词作表语，表状
34、态The book was written by her.这本书是她写的。被动语态，表动作The tree is fallen.树倒了。分词作表语，表状态不定式、动名词和分词作定语的用法比拟： 不定式作定语要放在被修饰的词的后面，与其构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态。 I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语)我有重要的事情要告诉你。I want to get something to read during the winter vacation. something
35、是read的逻辑宾语我想找点书在寒假读。假设不定式是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的词是不定式的地点、工具等，不定式后面应有必要的介词。We are looking for a paper to write on.我们正在找写字用的纸。Im not sure which restaurant to eat at.我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。It would be a comfortable room to live in.这房间住起来会很舒适。序数词、最高级的后面，非谓语动词常用不定式作定语This is the first building to be designed by him.这是由他设
36、计的第一栋楼房。They are the first to come, and the last to leave.他们是最先来而最后离开。He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运发动。 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室动名词a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池动名词a swimming girl (=a gir
37、l who is swimming)在游泳的女孩现在分词a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一节卧车 动名词a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡觉的女孩现在分词 现在分词作定语，多表示“动作正在进行或“与谓语动词同时进行或“经常性动作或状态；而过去分词作定语，那么多表示分词动作“先于谓语动词表示的动作，表“被动。Did you see the boy dancing with the girl?= the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在进行)There were
38、50 children returning from school.= 50 children who were returning from school表正在进行The factory making the cars is a small one.= The factory which makes the cars (表示经常性)I live in a house facing the north.=a house that faces the north (表状态)It is the problem left over by history.= which have been left
39、over by history. (先于谓语动词的动作、表被动)He is a leader respected by the people.= who is respected by the people. (表被动) 现在分词的被动语态being +过去分词作定语时，表示一个正在进行的、被动的动作。The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的) 现在分词的完成式having + 过去分词不能作定语，此时可以用一个定于从句代替。完成作业的那些人现在可以回家了。误：Tho
40、se having finished their homework can go home now.正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now.不定式和分词作状语的用法比拟：1. 现在分词一般不用作目的状语，通常用不定式作目的状语。I studied hard to pass the exam.为了通过这次考试我努力读书。为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order 或so as。如：In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.为了按时到那儿，我
41、们起的很早。在句首时不能用so as to He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它们卖掉是为了有钱买食物。2. 不定式和分词都可以作结果状语，但不定式表示出人意料的结果。I came in only to find nobody here.我走进来，却发现这儿一个人都没有。表意外结果,加only用来强调意外He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.他匆忙赶往车站，结果发现火车开走了。表意外结果The song is sung al
42、l over the country, making it the most popular song.= and made it the most popular song全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人欢送的歌曲。没有意外结果的意思不定式和分词作补足语的用法比拟： 不定式主动式作补足语表主动的动作，现在分词作补足语表正在进行的动作，过去分词和不定式被动式作补足语表被动的动作。Would you like us to go with you?你愿意我们和你一起去吗？ 我们去She could fell her heart beating violently. 她可以感到自己的心跳得
43、很厉害。心正在跳Please get your baby examined.请让你的孩子检查一下。孩子被检查 let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等词的后面接不定式作宾补时不带to。在这些词中，除了let 和have一般不用于被动语态，其他动词均可用于被动语态，用于被动语态时，后面的不定式短语前须带to.I let my child stay up late.我让我的孩子很晚才睡。I didnt notice you come in.我没注意到你进来。I made them give me the money back
44、.我让他们把我的钱还了。They were made to pay back the money.他们被迫还钱。He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他离开了办公室。 感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice, observe等后面接“宾语+ 不带to 的不定式时，表示看到一个动作或一件事情的全过程；接“宾语+ 现在分词时，指看到或听到一个正在进行的动作，是一局部，而不是全过程；接过去分词作宾补时，表示“感受到某人或某事被。I saw him crossing the road.我看到他正在过马路。指在马路中间或过马路的途中I saw him cross the road.我看见他过了马路。指看见他过了马路这个过程I saw him beaten black and blue.我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。指看见他被打 get, have, make, keep等词后过去分词作宾语补足语时表示“致使某人或某物被I got my bad tooth pulled out at the