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1、精品名师归纳总结2021 年训练部考试中心考研英语模拟试题学问运用部分汇编Section Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best words from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 10 points一、美陪审团制度As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the
2、 legal systemofGreatBritain.Wehavea“ common law ” ,orlawmadebycourts1amonarchorothercentral governmental2like a legislature. The jury, a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an4part ofour common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system. Few other
3、 countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8, as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after“ 10 ” , or discussions among a group of people,
4、the juryto shdaevecisthioen is1l1ikelyfrom many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide12among13citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government14that individualshave committed c
5、rimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and15. Jurors, consisting of16numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.Thejudge17tothe case18the selectionofjurorstoserve as the juryforthatcase. Insomestates,19jurorsare questionedbythe judge;inothers,theyare questionedbythelawyersrepresen
6、ting the20under rules dictated by state law.1. A other thanB rather than Cmore thanD or rather2. A agencyB organization CinstitutionD authority3. A panelB crew CbandD flock4. A innateB intact CintegralD integrated5. A discriminating Bdistinguishing CdeterminingD diminishing6. A inB by CafterD over7.
7、 A thatB which CthanD as8. A alikeB alone CaltogetherD apart9. A AlthoughB Because CIfD While可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结10. A deliberationsB meditations Creflections Dspeculations11. A outlineB outcome CinputD intake12. A argumentsB controversies CdisputesD hostilities13. A fellowB individual Cpersonal
8、D private14. A assertingB alleging CmaintainingD testifying15. A assembledB evoked CralliedD summoned16. A setB exact CgivenD placed17. A allocatedB allottedCappointed Dassigned18. A administersB manages CoverseesD presides19. A inspectiveB irrespective CperspectiveD prospective20. A bodiesB parties
9、 CsidesD units答案1. B2. D3. A4. C5. B6. D7.C8.B9. B10. A11. C12. C13.D14.B15. D16. A17. D18. C19. D20. B总体分析本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。第一段指出，陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分。其次段分析了使用陪审团的缘由。第三和四段分别介绍了陪审团的类型和选举程序。全文翻译美国的建国之父们作为大英帝国的前殖民者沿袭了其法律系统。我们有“共同法 ”，即由法庭而非君主或其他像立法机关这样的中心政府权益机关制定的法律。陪审团由一群选来裁决案件的一般公民组成，是我们共同法系统基本的组成部分。使用陪审团裁
10、决案件是美国法律系统的一个显著特点。在世界上很少有其他国家和美国一样使用陪审团。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结几个世纪以来，很多人已经信任在大多数情形下陪审团比很多国家那样单独使用一位法官达成的结果更公正、公正。由于陪审团裁决案件是在一群人“审议 ”或争论后，因此他们的打算可能受到不同背景的不同人的影响， 这些人必需作为一个团体来打算什么是正确的。陪审团既被用在裁决一般公民之间纠纷的民事案件中，也用在裁决政府提出讼诉声称个人犯罪的刑事案件中。陪审团成员从美国公民中选出并被传唤。由固定人数组成的陪审团在每一个需要陪审团的案件中都会被呼唤。被指派负责案件的法官监督陪审团成员的选举
11、。在一些州， 将来的陪审团成员由法官询问，而在另一些州， 他们遵照州法律规定的法规接受代表各方当事人的律师的询问。二、英国车速监控系统The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country s speed camera netw Motoringorganizations warned that the1could become apoll tax on wheels , 2huge number of drivers.There could be many more incidents of va
12、ndalism3cameras.The warnings came4a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either5to expansion plans or considering6.Nationwide, the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble,790 million a year.8the scheme, police keep some of the cash from fines to9
13、the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and10that existingones always have filmin them. The rest willgo to the Treasury. Both Ministersand police insist the scheme is aimed11at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious
14、 injuries by12a half.But motoringorganizations fear cameras willbe sited on relatively safe13fast stretches to catch as manydrivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to14the“ threshold” speeds at which cameras absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit, and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. Thi
15、s could encourage drivers to stareat their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road, and 16 to more accidents. Sue Nicholson, head of campaigns at the RAC, said, “ Wedon ht ave a problem with speed cameras 17 . But we do have c oncerns about 18 they are sited. Police risk losing credibility
16、 19 motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising 20safety devices.”1. A promotionsB punishmentsC penaltiesD payments2. A isolatingB separatingC alienatingD detaching3. A towardsB againstC beforeD over4. A soB onceC asD where5. A subjectedB engagedC intendedD committed6. A taking partB keeping si
17、lenceC making exceptionD paying respect7. A financingB profitingC fundingD netting可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结8. A FromB UnderC OnD With9. A hideB coverC concealD veil10. A pledgingB assuringC confirmingD ensuring11. A essentiallyB stronglyC wholeheartedlyD purely12. A in allB fewer thanC at mostD up to
18、13. A butB whereasC thoughD while14. A fitB putC setD fix15. A leveredB gearedC handledD triggered16. A leadB addC contributeD resort17. A any lessB by itselfC after allD as such18. A whoB whenC whereD which19. A inB withC againstD for20. A in spite ofB far fromC rather thanD by means of答案1. C2. C3.
19、 B4. C5. D6. A7. D8. B9.B10. D总体分析本文叙述了英国车速监控摄像体系扩张方案的内容及影响，着重阐述了这一方案的支持者警察和财政部门和反对者机动车治理机构的观点。全文翻译一旦扩大车速监控摄像体系，这个国家财政部每年就能从罚款中额外增加2000 万收入。机动车治理机构警告说这种罚款可能变成对汽车征收的人头税，从而疏远很多驾驶者。也可能显现更多破坏摄像机的大事。警告显现的同时， 每日邮报的调查发觉英格兰和威尔士的23 支警力几乎都有所行动，不是致力于部署监控体系的扩张方案，就是在考虑加入其中。估计在实施监控系统后全国范畴内违章超速行驶的罚单数量会增加两倍，罚金数目一年达
20、9000 万。根据方案， 警察保留一部分罚金用以支付安装和修理新摄像机的费用，并且保证现有的摄像机中总是装有胶卷。 其余的罚金将上缴财政部。财政部长们和警察都坚持认为该方案的目的是提高大路的安全性。他们指出八个试点的区撞车事故削减了四分之一，严峻伤亡事故削减至一半。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结但是机动车治理机构担忧警察为了多开罚单会把摄像机装在相对安全但行车速度较快的直行道上，仍会为车速监控摄像机设置最低合法车速标准，如把正常的每小时10 英里限速提高到每小时15 英里，每小时 20 英里限速提高到每小时26 英里。 这样做会使司机盯着自己的里程计而不把精力集中到路面上，从
21、而引发更多的交通事故。英国皇家汽车俱乐部RAC 活动负责人休 尼科尔森说， “严格上说，我们对车速监控摄像机并无意见，我们担忧的是它们被安放的的点。假如把监控摄像机视为政府聚敛财政收入的手段而不是安全设施， 那么警察就可能丢失他们在驾驶者心目中的威信”。三、大众媒体The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by
22、 acting as aan1for a number of institutions and social contacts.In this way, it2a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the3of leisure: there is less time for games,amusement and rest.4bywhat is happeningon the screen, childrennot onlyimita
23、tewhattheysee butdirectly5themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the6of violence in the media and its7harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media8, suchas videogames, cable television,musicvideos,and theInternet.Astheyco
24、ntinuetogainpopularity,these media,9television,10public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation 11 by the media, is body image. 12 forces can influence body image positively or negatively. 13 one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing 14 o
25、ur concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of 15 beauty fill magazines and newspapers, 16 from our televisions and entertain us 17 the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media 18 on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented witha 19
26、 defined standard of attractiveness, an 20 that carries unrealistic physical expectations.1. A alternativeB preference C substitute D representative2. A accomplishes Bfulfills Cprovides Dsuffices3. A riskB mercy Cheight Dexpense4. A Absorbed BAttracted CAroused DAddicted5. A identifyBrecognize Cunif
27、y Dequate6. A abundance Bincidence Cprevalence Dreccurrence可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结7. A disposed BhiddenCimplicit Dpotential8. A merged B emerged Cimmerged Dsubmerged9. A apart fromBmuch as Cbut for Dalong with10. A promote B propel Cprompt Dprosper11. A inspiredBimposed CdeliveredD contributed12. A
28、 ExternalB Exterior CExplicitD Exposed13. A AsB AtCForDIn14. A markB effect Cimpact Dshock15. A generalizedB regularized CstandardizedD categorized16. A boomB bottom Cbrim Dbeam17. A overB with Con Dat18. A playB take Cprofit Dresort19. A barelyB carefully Cnarrowly Dsubjectively20. A idealB image C
29、stereotype Dcriterion答案1. C2. B3. D4. B5. A6. C7. D8. B9.D10. C11. B12.A13. C14. C15. C16. A17. D18. A19.C20.A总体分析本文主要论述了大众媒介对青少年产生的影响。第一段指出，大众媒介可以替代社会机构和社会交往在年轻人的生活中起着各种各样的作用。其次段指出， 由于青少年仿照他们在电视中看到的乃至将其与现实相混淆， 人们始终担忧媒介对他们可能产生危害。第三段媒介对美的狭隘界定对青少年的不良影响。全文翻译大众媒体是我们文化的重要组成部分，但是它也可以成为年轻一代的助手、建议者和老师。大众媒介作
30、为可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结很多机构和社会交往的替代品影响着年轻人的生活。通过这种方式，它在人们生活中起到了各种各样的作用。在电视屏幕前消耗的时间经常是以休闲为代价的，即有更少的时间用于嬉戏、消遣和休息。由于被电视屏幕上的东西吸引，孩子们不仅仿照他们看到的，而且仍直接将自己视为电视中的各种不同的人物。美国人对媒体中暴力的普及及其对孩子和青少年的潜在危害的担忧至少已经有四十年了。在这段时期里，新的媒体，如： 电视嬉戏、有线电视、音乐录像带以及网络显现了。由于这些媒体连续受到欢迎，它们连同电视一起引起了公众的担忧和争论的留意。媒体使年轻一代受到社会另一大关注的方面是身体形象问
31、题。外部力气能对身体形象产生正面和负面的影响。举例来说，社会文化标准和大众媒介的营销冲击着我们关于美的观念。在大众媒介中，标准美女的形象布满着报刊杂志，从电视中播放出来，在电影中消遣着我们。甚至大众媒介仍在广告中利用公认的瘦和健康的文化价值来赢得商业利润。青少年被赐予的是狭隘界定的吸引力的标准，它是一种包含着对形状的不切实际的期望的完善标准。四、英国的饮食与健康A recent parliamentary reportblames the government and the food industryforthe growthin obesity. The Department of Tra
32、nsport is blamed for not doing enough to1facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while2to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. The Ministry of Education is3of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to4adequate facilitiesfor physical education and games. Young
33、people inBritain have become crazy abo ut football soccer and rugby, but too often as5“ couch potatoes” .The food industry is blamed for promoting junk food to school children and not doing enough to6down on sugar, fats and salt in prepared foods. The industry,7by the current popularity of the Atkin
34、s low-carbohydrate diet, has begun to8, but it is trying to protect a huge market and willneed to do9more ifit is to10off increased regulation.Japan seems less11so far by the problem of obesity,12as the Japanese diet becomes increasingly13 burgers and doughnuts the problem will grow.14, Japanese cui
35、sine has become highly popular in Britain. It isseen as healthy in a different way from the Mediterranean diet15its emphasis on tomatoes and olive oil combinedwith red wine.A fairly small amount of red wine is now16as beneficial to the heart,17its other encouraging properties.But Britainhas to do mo
36、re to18the problems of alcoholism19withthe binge-drinkingculture including violence and vandalism. Limitedconsumption of alcohol, as long as it is not20withdriving,is harmless and possibly beneficial.1. A stimulateB commend C promoteD elevate可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结2. A submittingB subjecting Csubor
37、dinating D surrendering3. A chargedB denounced CscoldedD accused4. A assureB ensure CsecureD guard5. A speculatingB spectating Cspecializing Dsightseeing6. A fallB get CcutD bring7. A stungB bitten Cchewed Dlicked8. A retortB refute CrespondD resolve9. A abundantlyB considerably CextensivelyD princi
38、pally10. A defendB beat CholdD ward11. A upset BaffectedCeffectedD impressed12. A orB for Cbut Dif13. A popularizedB globalized CwesternizedD localized14. A AccordinglyB Interestingly CSurprisinglyD Strikingly15. A asB on CbutD with16. A acceptedB approved CassumedD acknowledged17. A but forBlet alo
39、ne Cregardless ofD much less18. A copeB challenge CtackleD undertake19. A matched Brelated CunitedD associated20. A bonded Bcombined CmergedD incorporated答案1.C2.A3.D4.B5.B6.C7.A8.C9.B10.D总体分析可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结本文主要介绍了英国饮食存在的问题。第一至二段指出， 英国政府和食品工业被指责导致肥胖患者的增多。第三段指出，一方面日本饮食因日益西化，肥胖问题变得严峻。另一方面，日本饮食在英国很流行，被视为健康饮食。第四段指出适度饮酒对身体有益，但英国要应对的是与过度引酒相关的问题。全文翻译一份最近的议会报告指责政府和食品工业导致肥胖患者增多。交通部门被指责在促进步行和骑车设施的进展方面做得不够，而且屈从于代表汽车使用者的机动车组织的压力。训练部被指责出卖学校的操场，在保证供应用于体育教学和嬉戏的充分设施方面做得不够。英国的年轻人为足球和橄榄球而疯狂，但更多的只是坐在家里看电视的 “沙发土豆 ”。食品工业被指控向同学兜售垃圾食品，在削减熟食中糖、脂肪和盐含量方面做得不够。受到目前艾特金斯低碳水化合物饮食潮流的刺激，食品工业已经有所反应，但