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1、一、 名词一知识重点1. 名词的分类；可数名词与不可数名词以及可数名词的单复数；2. 抽象名词与物质名词的具体化用法；名词所有格的概念，特点和应用。3. 常用名词的词义辨析；含有名词的固定搭配。二知识呈现I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规那么名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规那么列表如下：规那么例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加
2、-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字
3、母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-ra
4、dios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规那么名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规那么的，现归纳如下：规那么例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species， li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trou
5、sers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5局部集体名词既可以作单数( 整体) 也可以作复数( 成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(
6、情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on,
7、passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一局部变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两局部变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the t
8、eachers room, the twins mother, 不规那么复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doc
9、tors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：1表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five d
10、ollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 1、题目的设问角
11、度细微化，题干句的结构复杂化和综合化。 2、对名词词义的辨析和语义的识别呈现上升趋势。 3、考查惯用法；注重习语的运用以及对语言交际环境的灵活判断。四高考真题1.09The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car. A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms 2.09Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late A. tradit
12、ion B. convenience C. habit D. leisure3.09-He says that my new car is a _ of money. -Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste4.09From their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. A. stage B. position C. condition D. situ
13、ation5.09The system has been designed to give students quick and easy to the digital resources of the library. A. access B. passage C. way D. approach 6.09The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any _when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, . A. delay B. effort C. sched
14、ule D. consideration7. (09) Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for building.A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character8. (09)In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a_ for everyone to stand up. A. signal B. chance C. mark D
15、. measure9. (09) China has got a good _for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge10. (08)To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _ A. Sky
16、B. Life C. Arts D. Voices11. (08)Whats the _of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A. sense B. matterC. caseD. opinion12. (08)The young man made a _ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. predictionB. promise
17、C. planD. contribution13. (08)The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_. A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon14. (08)When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have _ for her, but now all her worries are gone. A. in need B. in time C.
18、 in preparationD. in store15. (08)- Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?- Because the old one has been damaged _. A. beyond reachB. beyond repair C. beyond control D. beyond description16. (08)-Shall we go out for a walk? - Sorry. This is not the right _ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. A.
19、moment B. situationC. place D. chance17. (08)I began to feel _ in the new school when I saw some familiar faces A. at home B. at heart C. at will D. at sight18. (08)I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real _.A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business19. (08)Many Chinese univers
20、ities provided scholarships for students _ financial aid. A. in favor of B. in honor of C. in face of D. in need of 20. (08)Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products21. (08)At the railway station, the mother waved goodbye to he
21、r daughter until the train was _. A. out of sight B. out of reach C. out of order D. out of place22. (08)Dogs have a very good _ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. A. sense B. view C. means D. idea23. (09高三二模) It was such an _ when Pat and Mike met each other in Ma
22、caoEach thought that the other was still in Hong KongA. fancy B. incident C. coincidence D. destination24. (09市第二次高考科目质量检测) According to a UN report，30 percent of the world population have no _to clean drinking water and health careA. means B. approach C. channel D. access25.(09邯郸市高三二模) What he told
23、 us about the situation simply doesnt make any _. A. sense B. idea C. meaning D. mistake 26.(09高三二模) When my father returned from his trip to Jiuzhaigou, he said the beautiful scenery there was beyond _.A. influenceB. expression C. experienceD. expectation27. (09高三二模) We all know the lion is conside
24、red the king of the forest and it is a(an) _ of courage and power.A. exampleB. signC. markD. symbol28.(09省临川一中高三下学期期中考试) MrBarren doesnt think that all bad language should be allowedIn his opinion, there are _ that should be kept upA. degreesB. levels C. limits D. standards29.(09红桥区高三二模)I broke my r
25、elationship with John because he always found _with me A. error B. mistake C. fault D. failure30.(09高三二模. furniture B. fortune C. possessions D. treasure31.(09诸城高三二模) Mr Brown thought it would be a good idea to have _from his workers to improve his plan. A. summaries B. enquiriesC. comments D. conne
26、ctions32.(09高三二模)The fire which happened in the CCTVs new building has raised _about the safety of using fireworks in cities.A. attention B. expectation C. concern D. standard33.(09高三二模)What a pity! He got nothing in _ for his hard work.A. award B. prize C. reward D. result34.(09高三二模)The_of surfing
27、the Internet is how you can tell whether the information is true or not. A. ability B. competition C. challenge D. knowledge35.(09西城区高三二模)The plane must be ready within half an hour. There should be no _ in sending the blood and medicine to the injured people. A. hurry B. delayC. timeD. wait36.(09高三
28、二模)My calculations were based on the _that house prices would remain steady.A. appreciation B. arrangement C. assumption D. ambition37.(09南开区高三年级质量调查) As is well-known, the brain performs a very important _，which controls the nerve system of the body. A. motion B. action C. function D. fact38.(09十所重
29、点联考盟校一模) She is the only one among the _writers who _short stories for childrenA. woman；writes B. woman; write C. women；write D. women；writes39.(09一模) A report by the Chinese Academy of Social Science said _ among new graduates grew to over 12 percent last year at 1.5 million because of the global e
30、conomic crisis.A. disagreementB. enlargementC. unemployment D. encouragement40. He left _with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. He said he would keep_.A. words; his words B. word; his word C. word; word D. the word; his words二、 冠词 编审：刘燕飞 选题：葛一 知识重点1. 掌握不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的根本用法；2. 注意固定
31、搭配中冠词的有或无；3. 冠词与形容词、名词和分词的连用。二知识呈现冠词分为不定冠词( a, an) ，定冠词( the) ，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith ca
32、me to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法
33、：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人或“夫妇the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比拟级最高级前He is the ta
34、ller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示创造物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，
35、物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing f
36、ootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.1、重点考查冠词的根本用法，如对冠词表泛指、特指考查，反映近几年高考“回归根底的特点。2、涉及对冠词的活用和习惯用语的考查；3、涉及对专有名词前的冠词用法的考查。四高考真题(08湖南) 1. Have you heard _ news？The piece of _ petrol is
37、 going up again!A. the, the B. 不填，the C. the, 不填 D. 不填，不填(08) 2. We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent.A. the; theB.不填；theC. the; 不填D. 不填；不填(08) 3. Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. A. 不填；a B. 不填; theC. the; theD. the; a(08)
38、4. - I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.- It is not your fault. With _ rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late.A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a(08)5. My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. A. a; 不填B. the; theC. 不填；theD. a;
39、the(08全国II)6. Its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break.A. a ; a B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a ; the(087. I ate _ sandwich while I was waiting for _ 20:08 train.A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a(08)8. In the United States, there is always _ flow of people to areas of _ country
40、 where more jobs can be found.A. a; the B. the ; a C. the; the D. a; a(089. _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head.A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填(0810. In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the;the(0911.Wec
41、anneverexpectbluerskyunlesswecreatelesspollutedworld.A.a;aB.a;the C.the;aD.the;the(09he biggest whale is blue whale , which grows to be about 29 meters long the height of_ 9-story building. A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;a(0913. _Chinese people is_brave and hard-working people. A. The, the B. The, a C.
42、A, the D. / , the(0914. October 1th is_ National Day of _ Peoples Republic of China.A. a, / B. the, the C. the, / D. /, the(0915. Though_came that he was completely defeated, he didnt lost_. A. t he word, his heart B. word , heart C. the word, heart D. word, his heart(0916. You can have _ second try if you fail_first time. A. the, the B. a, the C. a, / D. a, a(0917. It is such_great fun travelling in _spaceship! A. a, / B. /, a C. /, / D. a, a(0918. _computer is the most important invention in _ twentieth century. A. The, / B. A, / C. The, the D. A, the(09全国19