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1、专题三阅读理解题组一细节理解 Passage 1 (2019江苏镇江一模)Over the past few years, smart home tech has become more and more accessible and its increasingly easy to find that youve bought a product that includes smart home features. So what does a modern smart home look like, and how can you start building one? You could
2、 get to start making your home smarter by the following gadgets.Ecobee 4*Measuring both occupancy and temperature, its sensors signal your Ecobee to automatically switch to the right mode.*It only takes about 30 minutes, thanks to an easy-to-follow installation guide and an in-app step-by-step walkt
3、hrough.*Easily adjust temperature using your voice with built-in Alexa or from wherever you are using your mobile devices.Amazon Smart Plug*Amazon Smart Plug works with Alexa to add voice control.*Schedule lights, fans, and appliances to turn on and off automatically, or control them remotely when y
4、oure away.*Its simple to set up and use. Plug in, open Alexa app, and start using your voice.The Philips Hue White Smart Bulb*It works with Amazon Alexa to support dimming through voice control.*Schedule your own custom lighting scenes. Set the smart bulbs to turn on and off at a pre-set time.*To in
5、stall, simply screw (拧) the smart bulbs into your desired light location.*Control smart-bulb-equipped lamps and overhead lights via the Philips Hue App.August Smart Lock Pro*It works with Alexa for voice control (Alexa device sold separately).*Control keyless access. It locks automatically behind yo
6、u, and unlocks as you approach.*Install in about 10 minutes with just a screwdriver (螺丝刀).1.What do the four gadgets have in common?A.Useful Philips Hue App.B.Beautiful lighting scenes.C.Easy installation and simple set-up.D.Pleasant temperature.2.This passage is intended to .A.introduce the gadgets
7、 of smart homeB.provide advice on home decorationC.compare the gadgets with othersD.show the popularity of the gadgets答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。近年来,智能家居技术变得越来越方便使用。作者介绍了可以让家变得更智能的四样小配件。1.C细节理解题。根据Ecobee 4部分的第二点中的an easy-to-follow installation guide and an in-app step-by-step walkthrough,Amazon Smart Plug部分的第三点
8、中的Its simple to set up and use,The Philips Hue White Smart Bulb部分的第三点中的To install, simply screw the smart bulbs和August Smart Lock Pro部分的第三点Install in about 10 minutes with just a screwdriver.可知,它们的共同特点是都很容易安装,故选C项。2.A推理判断题。第一段引出话题,智能家居技术变得越来越方便使用,接着作者主要介绍了四样可以让家变得更智能的小配件,故选A项。Passage 2 (2019江苏江都中学、扬
9、中高级中学、溧水高级中学期初联考)Airborne dust is normally seen as an environmental problem, but the lack of it is making air pollution over China considerably worse.A new study suggests less dust means more solar radiation hits the land surface, which reduces wind speed. That lack of wind in turn leads to an accum
10、ulation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China. The researchers found that reduced dust levels cause a 13% increase in human-made pollution in the region.Hundreds of millions of people across China continue to be impacted by air pollution from factories and coal-fired power plants. S
11、tudies suggest that the dirty air contributes to 1.6 million deaths a year, about 17% of all mortality. But this new research says that the human-induced pollution is being made worse or better by naturally occurring dust that blows in from the Gobi Desert. Using models to simulate 150 years of wind
12、 and dust patterns in the region, the researchers found that the dust deflects significant amounts of sunlight. Without it, more heat from the Sun hits the land. Differences in the temperatures between land and sea cause the winds to blow. Without the dust, the land warms up more and that changes th
13、e temperature differential with the sea leading to weaker breezesand more air pollution.“There are two dust sources. One is the Gobi and the other is the highlands of northwest China, but we found the Gobi had much more influence,” said lead author Yang Yang, from the Pacific Northwest National Labo
14、ratory in Washington State, the US. “Less dust in the atmosphere causes more solar radiation to reach the surface. It weakens the temperature difference between the land and the sea and impacts the circulation of the winds and causes stagnation over eastern China and that causes an accumulation of a
15、ir pollution.”Another study has recently shown a link between declining Arctic sea ice and a major air pollution event in China in 2013. The authors of the new study believe that both theories could be true.“Our study has the same mechanism: the weakening of winds causes more pollution, and what is
16、behind this needs to be studied,” said Yang Yang. “We have two views on this kind of weakening of winds. They found the sea ice, and we found the dust-wind interaction can also lead to weakening of the wind. I think both of them are important.”The researchers believe that the study may inform broade
17、r questions about how natural and human-created aerosols interact.Many parts of the world, in addition to China, are now suffering from increased levels of air pollution and understanding how dust, winds and emissions work together may help limit some of the worst impacts of dirty air.One of the key
18、 lessons from this study is that the absence of dusty conditions could mean the air you are breathing is worse for you, not better.1.According to the new study, the formation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China is due to .A.the accumulation of dustB.the lack of temperature C.the h
19、igh level of living standardsD.the shortage of wind2.Whats the right sequence of cause and effect leading to the air pollution?the worse circulation of the winds more heat from the sun lessening temperature between the land and the sealess dusta worse stagnationA.B.C.D.3.What can be inferred from th
20、e passage?A.Millions of people die of diseases caused by dirty air every year in China.B.The theory of the consequences caused by declining Arctic sea ice is less scientific.C.The new study must invite questions about how natural and human-created aerosols interact.D.The absence of dusty conditions
21、means a much healthier environment. 答案语篇解读本文是一篇科普说明文,介绍了一项新的研究,即尘埃减少可能意味着空气会变得更糟,而不是更好。1.D细节理解题。根据第二段第二句That lack of wind in turn leads to an accumulation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China.可知,风的缺乏反过来导致中国人口稠密地区空气污染的累积。故选D项。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Without the dust, the land warms up mor
22、e and that changes the temperature differential with the sea leading to weaker breezesand more air pollution.可知,如果没有灰尘,陆地会变暖,这会改变与海洋的温差,从而导致微风减弱,造成更多的空气污染。故选C项。3.A推理判断题。根据第三段第二句Studies suggest that the dirty air contributes to 1.6 million deaths a year.可知,每年中国有上百万的人死于空气污染;根据第五段内容可知,关于北极海冰减少所造成后果的理论也
23、可能是正确的,B项less scientific表述有误;根据倒数第三段The researchers believe that the study may inform broader questions.可知,C项中must表达太绝对;根据最后一段.the absence of dusty conditions could mean the air you are breathing is worse for you, not better.可知,缺少尘埃,意味着你呼吸的空气更糟糕,D项错误。故选A项。Passage 3 (2019江苏南通一模)When a driver slams on
24、 the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road illegally, she is making a moral decision that shifts the risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical (道德的) judgments on their ownbut settling on a universal moral code for the v
25、ehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someones death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables, young or old, r
26、ich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North America and several
27、 European nations where Christianity has been the dominant (占支配地位的) religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil. The first group
28、showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example.The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong institutions, such
29、 as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan.People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some critics question whether the possible situations posed in the online quiz ar
30、e relevant to the ethical and practical questions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance.At least Barbara Wege, wh
31、o heads a group working on autonomous-vehicle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each yearbut that people might focus more on events involving robots.Surveys such
32、 as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.” 1.Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programming self-driving c
33、ars?A.Social values always change with time.B.Moral choices vary in different cultures.C.Drivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak.D.Car makers are faced with decisions on life or death.2.The researchers conducted the study by .A.using a massive online quiz worldwideB.comparing different cu
34、ltures and customsC.dividing the respondents into three groupsD.performing a series of controlled experiments3.According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally?A.Nigeria. B.Colombia.C.Finland. D.Indonesia.4.Barbara Wege would probably a
35、gree that .A.self-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environmentB.accidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attentionC.problems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in societyD.car makers neednt take the risk of solving self-driving car ethical dilemmas答
36、案语篇解读文章主要讨论了这样一个话题:由于各国各地区的文化差异,为无人驾驶汽车制定一个普遍的道德规范是一项艰巨的任务。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句.but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task.及第三、四段可知,文化差异使得为无人驾驶汽车制定一个普遍的道德规范成为一项艰巨的任务。根据第三段第四句The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones
37、 than did the second group.可知,不是所有的驾驶员都偏向同情弱者;A、D两项文中没有涉及。故选B项。2.A细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.可知选A项。3.C细节理解题。根据第四段第二句.such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into tr
38、affic illegally.可知选C项。4.B推理判断题。倒数第二段第二句只提到cause fewer accidents, proportionally 不等于greatly improve,A项错误;根据倒数第二段最后一句.but that people might focus more on events involving robots.及最后一段第一句Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might
39、develop trust.可知,在Barbara Wege看来,无人驾驶汽车引发的事故可能会受到更多的关注,B项正确;根据最后一段第一句中的that might develop trust可知,无人驾驶汽车产生的问题可能不会动摇公众对社会的信任,反而可能会加强这种信任,C项错误;D项中的car makers neednt take the risk在文中没有提到。故选B项。题组二推理判断与意图态度Passage 1 (2019江苏苏锡常镇教情调查一)Alarming headlines suggest one in four teenage girls in the UK are self-
40、harming, motivated by sex discrimination and pressures to look good in a selfie (自拍) society. These stories come from a report by the UK charity the Childrens Society, based on an ongoing survey of 11,000 children aged 14. Among the girls, 22 per cent said they had self-harmed while boys 9 per cent.
41、But while the term self-harm improves images of teenagers cutting themselves, that may, thankfully, be only the most extreme end of a broader range. In this survey, participants were merely asked if they had “hurt themselves on purpose in any way”. Some could have answered yes for things like punchi
42、ng (击拳) a wall in dissatisfaction or deliberately getting falling-down drunk. Others could have thought the question including mental hurt. Such self-destructive behavior would naturally be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers. Max Davie, a health promotion officer, does
43、believe that self-harm among teens is somewhat on the risebut thinks the question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.The latest headlines join an ongoing account about a mental health crisis in todays youth. Some blame cutbacks in social services, while others poi
44、nt to a loosening of sexual standards putting teens at risk. For those cautious about new technologies, it is social media or the latest popular computer games.But such reports also deserve some skepticism. Claims of high rates of depression are usually based on surveys with very loose and non-medic
45、al criteria. Thankfully, clinical depression is still rare in this age group.In fact, a different and regularly repeated survey has found no change in 11-to-15-year-olds happiness with life as a whole between 1995 and 2016. Nor did their satisfaction with their appearance change, which makes it stra
46、nge to blame the selfie culture for the apparent self-harm increase. This survey, called Understanding Society, even found improvement in happiness with family and schoolwork over that period. These more optimistic findings were also in the latest Childrens Society report but were buried at the bott
47、om of their press release.Davie thinks the rise in self-harm may not be due to a rise in unhappiness, but simply that this age group now sees self-harm as a more culturally acceptable way to express extreme sufferings. “It may be that previously people didnt know that this was something you could do
48、. If people are talking about something and normalizing it, its probably more likely that their peers will do it.”If that is the case, it is all the more reason not to make self-harm seem more common than it really is.1.In response to the survey reported by the Childrens Society, the author believes . A.the survey is unscientific as it asked very specific questionsB.the self-destructive behavior of teens is worrying to parents C.the number of self-harming teens is alarming because of selfiesD.the images of teens self-ha