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1、学习必备欢迎下载语法专题十三简单句、并列句及附加疑问句一. 简单句按照句子中动词的语法功能, 英语句子可归纳为五种基本句型, 各种各样的句子都可以看成是这五种句型的扩展. 学习 , 掌握这五种基本句型, 对于认识英语句子的基本结构, 提高连词造句 , 阅读理解和书面表达的能力将会有很大的帮助. 五种基本句型 : 第一种 : 主语 +谓语第二种 : 主语 +谓语 +宾语第三种 : 主语 +谓语 +表语第四种 : 主语 +谓语 +间接宾语 +直接宾语第五种 : 主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾语补足语1.主语 +谓语 (不及物动词 ) 在这个句型中的动词是不及物的行为动词, 不能带宾语 . 这种动词表示
2、主语的行为动作, 意义基本完整, 所以不再需要宾语. 不及物动词没有被动语态形式. 在这个句型中, 谓语后面有时不再附加任何成分, 而大多数情况下有状语性质的修饰语. 这种修饰语可以由副词 , 介词短语 , 不定式短语 , 分词短语以及从句等来担任. 例如 : Tom is writing. (Little Tom is writing at the desk now.) He stopped. (He stopped to have a look.) The boy stood there, begging. (The boy whose parents died stood there,
3、begging.) 2.主语 +谓语 +宾语本句型中的及物动词同样也为行为动词, 表明一个具体实在的动作, 但其本身所表示的意义并不完整 , 需要有一个宾语, 才能表达一个完整的概念. 例如 : We have a TV set. You may use my pen. I will use hers. He doesn t like the first. He likes the third. 3.主语 +系动词 +表语在本句型中 , 由系动词及表语构成表性状的复合谓语, 说明主语的身份, 特征 , 性质 , 状态等 . 英语中除了最常见的系动词be 以外 , 还有表示感官的连系动词look
4、, feel, sound, taste, smell 等; 表示变化的连系动词get, turn, become, grow, fall, come 等; 表示状态的连系动词 keep, remain, stay, continue, seem 等. 例如 : Rose is an English boy. The boy looks like his father. 4.主语 +谓语 +间接宾语 +直接宾语有些动词后面 , 可以有两个宾语, 这个宾语一个指人, 一个指物 , 指人的叫间接宾语, 表示动作的方向和目标; 指物的叫直接宾语, 表示动作的承受者, 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前 .
5、 例如 : She brought me some fruit. Can you do us a favour? 这两个句子中的间接宾语都可以变成介词短语放在直接宾语后面. 例如 : She brought some fruit to me. Can you do a favour for me? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 5 页学习必备欢迎下载5.主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾语补足语宾语和补足语之间的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系, 即宾语是宾语补足语的逻辑主语。句型中的宾语常用名词或代词宾格. 常用来作宾语补足语的成分有
6、名词, 形容词，动词不定式, 现在分词 , 过去分词 , 介词短语和副词等. 例如 : She named her baby John. We elected him monitor of our class. Keep the room clean and tidy, please. We consider it a pity that they have given up trying it a second time. His father wished him to be a musician. 二. 并列句连词是高考的重点考查项目之一.连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种. 如果句子包含两
7、个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构, 就是并列句 . 并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接 , 其中的各分句意义同等重要. 联系密切 . 无从属关系 . 使用是特别注意其连词特性. a)and, not onlybut (also) neither, nor, neither nor 等词连接的并列句, 在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申, 包括肯定和否定两方面的意义. 例如One day, I was late, and my teacher war angry. Think it over, and you ll find a way out. Not only is he himself i
8、nterested in the subject, but also his students began to show interest in it. Neither does he work hard, nor does his brother. b)or, either or 连接并列句表示选择. 例如 : The children can go with us, or they can stay in. ( 选择 ) The workers were cheerful, or at least they appeared to be cheerful. ( 换个说法 ) Be car
9、eful, or you will break your neck. (否定条件 ) 三. 反意疑问句反意疑问句的一般应用规则为: 前面陈述部分是肯定句形式, 后面的附加疑问部分则用否定形式 ; 前面陈述部分如果用否定形式, 后面的附加疑问部分则用肯定形式, 但是在实际运用中 , 只知道一般的应用规则还不够, 以下几种特殊情况应特别注意: a)当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that, these, those 时, 疑问部分的主语, 不再用指示代词 , 而要用 it 或者 they 代替 . 例如 : That isn t your dictionary, is it? These a
10、re interesting stories, aren t they? b)当陈述部分的主语是“ I am ” 结构时 , 疑问部分一般用“ aren t I?” . 例如 : I m late for class, aren t I? I m doing well, aren t I? c)当陈述句部分的主语是everybody, somebody, nobody, none 等合成代词时, 疑问部分的主语多用they, 例如 : Everyone came here, didn t they? Nobody phoned while I was out, did they? d)当陈述部
11、分的主语是everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时, 疑问部分的主语用 it. 例如 : Nothing is too difficult for him, is it? Everything is read, isn t it? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 5 页学习必备欢迎下载e)当陈述部分是不定代词one 作主语 , 疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one, 在非正式场合用 you. 例如 : One can t be too careful, can one (you)? f)当陈述
12、部分是“ there be+主语 +其他 ” 结构时 , 疑问部分用“ be (not) +there.” 例如: There is a book on the desk, isn t there? There are not any pens in the box, are there? g)当陈述部分的主语是“ I don t think (suppose, believe, guess) +that从句结构时 , 疑问部分的主语和谓语须和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上一致, 并且还要用肯定形式 . 例如 : I don t think he can finish the work, ca
13、n he? I don t believe she knows it, does she? h)当陈述部分的谓语动词是have 时 , 有两种情况 : have 作 “ 有” 解时 , 可有两种形式 , 例如 : He has a new book, hasn t he/doesn t he? have 表达其他意思时, 只用 do 的相应形式 . 例如 : She had a good time in the park, didn t she? 高考示例 【例一】 2005 全国高考They wanted to charge $5000 for the, _we managed to bri
14、ng the price down. A. but B. so C. when D. since 提示 : 此题考查并列连词使用. 前后两个句子存在转折关系, 故用转折连词but. 答案 :A 【例二】 2005 北京高考-Somebody wants you on the telephone. -_no one knows Im here. A. For B. And C. But D. So 提示 : 此题语境为 : 一方说 : 有人电话找你 . 另一方说 : 但是没人知道我在这里呀! 前后两个句子存在转折关系. 故选 C.答案 : C 【例三】 2004 上海高考Bills aim is
15、 to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _? A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. is he 提示 : 根据前肯定后否定的原则, 首先排除B.D 两项 . 再根据“宾语从句的反意疑问句用什么词反问, 综合要看主句的主语, 只有主句的主语是第一人称时, 才看从句主语”的原则 , 排除 C. 答案 : A 【例四】 ( 经典回放 ) Brian told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, _? A.
16、 was there B. wasnt there C. didn t he D. did he 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 5 页学习必备欢迎下载提示 : 此题考查主从复合句中的反问句式的问题. 一般规律是 : 反问句的形式要与主句的主语一致, 但是当主句的主语是I, 谓语是think/suppose/believe/hope/expect/guess/know/be told/feel时, 反问句的形式与它们后面的宾语从句的主语和谓语保持相同. 答案 :D 【例五】 ( 经典回放 ) -I hear youve
17、got a set of valuable Australian coins._I have a look? -Yes, certainly. A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should 提示 : 此题考查简单句中的交际用语. May I ? 表示请求对方的许可; Shall I 表示提供帮助 , 提出建议 , 要求给以知识和征求意见. 答案 : B 触类旁通 1.Yes. We have to say we are now facing unexpected difficulties ahead, but we firmly believe nothing can sto
18、p us from serving the people heart and soul, _? A. can it B. cant C. can they D. cant they 2. I dont think Thomas Edison could have done such a stupid thing last night, _? A. do I B. could he C. did he D. has he 3. Please excuse me for my breaking in, _I have something very important to tell you. A.
19、 so B. and C. but D. yet 4. The Chinese are good at playing table tennis _the English are interested in football. A. if B. as C. while D. since 5. -I dont like beef _mutton. -I dont like beef either, _I like mutton very much. A. and; and B. and; but C. or; and D. or; but 6. Im very excited to know “
20、S. H. E.” is going to sing at the CCTV Spring Festival Soiree, _? A. arent I B. am not I C. arent you D. are you 7. -Can you tell me how to learn English well? -Do more speaking, I think, _youll be good at spoken English. A. or B. for C. and D. until 8. -The street is too bad, isnt it? - _, _its a bit too crowded. A. No; but B. Yes; but C. No; because D. Yes; though 答案 : 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.A 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 5 页学习必备欢迎下载精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 5 页