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1、高考英语语法学案1 专题一谓语动词一、非谓语动词的句法功能主语宾语表语定语宾语补足语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词二非谓语动词具体用法详述不定式的用法一般式： to do( 不定式 :与谓语动词动作同时或在之后发生)They pretend ed not to see us. 进行式： to be doing( 与谓语动词动作同时发生 )He pretended to be sl eeping. 完成式： to have done( 表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)He pretended to have known it before. 完成进行式： to have been doing. W
2、e are happy to have been working with you. 否认 not to do 一般被动式 :to be done ( 将来动作 ) 完成被动式： to have been done( 强调动作发生在主句动作之前) 不定式作主语表示具体的动作。不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg: To say is a thing, to do is another.( 说是一回事，做是另外一回事。) 2不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it 作形式主语。eg: It is important to l earn English well.( 学好英语是重要的。) 2 不
3、定式作表语1 不定式作表语放在be 和其他系动词后， 说明主语的内容。His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing. (2) 不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。eg: To see is to believe. 3.不定式作宾语1 to do 表示特定，具体，将来的动作。常只用不定式作宾语的动词有want, wish, hope, l ong, expect, desire, intend, decide, ask, promise, aim, offer, agree, plan, learn, choose, r
4、efuse, fail, manage, pretend等。eg: He refused to help me.( 他拒绝帮助我 .) (2) 谓语动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语。如果作宾语的不定式较长时，也可用it 代替，放在后面。eg; I find it difficult to do the job well. (3) “特殊疑问词不定式to do 结构 ” 具有名词特征，可作宾语。eg: She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.3不定式可作介bu
5、t, except, besides“除 之外 ” 的宾语，介词前有实义动词do 的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无 to；否则必带to。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案2 eg: I want to do nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。4 不定式作定语不定式作定语表示将来，常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。注意及物问题eg: I have a lot of housework to do. 区别“ I h
6、ave a lot of housework to be done ” .He is the first man to do the job. ( 名词被序数词修饰，用不定式做定语) 由 only ， last， next ， 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。Jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class. You are the last to undertake the blood test. 有些抽象名词。 主要有：reason ， right， time ， effort， c
7、hance ， way 等。如： the time to go to school ，the way to get to the clinic， the chance to win the game. 如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 则不定式中要有介词. I have something to say. He has a lot of homework to do . He is looking for a room to live in . There is nothing to worry about. 5.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通
8、常用逗号隔开。eg: We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.目的 To get a good result, she worked very hard.目的 She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因 ) He worked hard only to fail.(结果 ) 注：不定式常用在so as to do 或 in order to do 后,与它们一起作状语，表示目的，但so as to do 不可置于句首。eg: In order to avoid mistakes,
9、check your homework. 不定式表结果时常和only 连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不想得到的结果。区别分词eg: He hurried to the station ,only to find the train had left. 不定式作补语表示宾语所所做的动作或者和宾语有表语关系，表示状态、特性、身份等。另外，不定式可作使役动词、感官动词的补语，表示动作的完成或已经结束。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。（1）后接动词不定式作宾补的常见的动词有：want, wish, expect, prefer, like, hate, ask, beg, request, r
10、equire, beg, get, advise, persuade, invite, order, remind, permit, all ow, send 等。2动词不定式可作感官动词五看二听一感觉即：see, look at, watch, observe, notice ，hear, listen to ，feel和使让动词 let, make, have 等后面的宾补时，不定式符号to 要省略，但如果句子变被动结构，必须复原to.。eg: He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.不带 TO的用法还有些
11、类似于情态动词的词语如rather than， had better， would rather ， might as well等之后，不定式不带to. 如：We might as well go without him. 我们可以不让他跟去。Youd better go now. 你最好现在走。动名词用法精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案3 一般式 :doing动名词 :无时间性或在谓语动作同时发生完成式 :having done 强调动作发生在谓语动词动作之前一般被动式 :being d one
12、完成被动having been done 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.否认形式在其前面加not. 1动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件已知的事或经验。Reading is my hobby. (2) 动名词可作表语动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的基本含义不变。eg: His hobby is painting.注意：不定式和动名词都有对称性。eg:To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. (3) 动
13、名词作宾语doing 作宾语表示泛指， 一般， 经常性，习惯性的动作。 常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, appreciate , consider, dislike, enjoy, escape , excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, resist,suggest,advise,allow,等。背诵规律：一个单词：MEGA4FEPS 一句话：考虑设想，错过冒险。eg: I can t imagine marrying her. She managed to escape being pun
14、ished. 只接动名词作宾语的动词词组有：give up, belong to, look forward to, keep on, insist on, be busy, get down to, be devoted to, have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。注意介词to eg: I m looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years. 注意：动词后to do/,doing二者都可跟，意义不同的有：rem
15、ember to do sth 记起要做某事remember d oing sth 记起做过某事forget to do sth 忘记要做某事forget doing sth 忘记做过某事regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事regret doing sth 懊悔做过某事go on to do sth 接着做另外一件事go on doing sth 接着做同一件事stop to do sth 停下来开始做另外一件某事stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事try to do sth 尽力做某事try doing sth 试着做某事mean to do sth 打算意欲，企图做某
16、事mean doing sth 意味着做某事can t help(to)do sth 不能帮助做某事can t help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事be worth doing sb need/want/require to do sth need/want/require doing/to be done (4) ) 动名词可作定语动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。eg: He often studies in the reading room. eg: I prefer swimming to fishing. I lik e to swim in the river
17、because its too hot today. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案4 现在分词一般式 :doing现在分词 :与谓语动词动作同时或之后发生完成式 :having done 作现在分词时，只作状语，强调动作发生在谓语动词动作之前一般被动式 :being d one不作状语完成被动式 :having been done 只 作状语，强调动作发生在主句动作之前现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1 作表语现在分词作表语相当于形容词，常表示主语所具有的特
18、征，含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语，常见的有： interesting, amusing, boring, tiring, pleasing, exciting, moving, disappointing, surprising, encouraging等。*总结引起感觉的词的分词用法eg: His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.2 作定语现在分词作定语，单个v-ing 放在被修饰的名词前；如果短语作定语，则放在所修饰词的后面。v-ing 作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进行或经常性发生
19、，也可表示特征。eg: the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling the rising sun the sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south.3 作状语在句子中，现在分词作状语，与句中主语形成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生，或没有一定的时间性。动词-ing 或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词whil e 或 when 引出。eg: Hearing the news, t
20、hey got excited.( 时间 ) Having finished his homework, she was playing on the playground.(原因 / 时间 ) 4 作补语现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词五看二听一感觉see, look at, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel使让动词 have, get以及其他类动词leave, keep, catch, set 等。表示动作正在进行。eg: I saw them playin
21、g games on the playground yesterday. Don t l eave him waiting outside the room.注：“ 连词 +doing 短语 ” 一般情况下，分词作状语时，只能根据逻辑关系而不能根据语法特征来判定它是时间状语、条件状语或让步状语等。因此，有时会遇到很难判断其归属的情形。但如果在其前加上when, if, once, since等连词，就会很清楚地说明状语的性质。对于这种结构，也可作另外的解释，即在连词与现在分词之间省略了主语和be 动词。eg: Whil e(I was)trying to open the can, I cut
22、 my hand. Though not understanding(=he didnt understand )french, he he was abl e to communicate with other Students. Be careful when(you are)crossing the road.=Be careful when you cross the road.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案5 过去分词一般式： done(vt 分词表被动或完成) 在句子中，过去分词与句中
23、主语形成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示完成或没有一定的时间性。过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。1作定语过去分词作定语，表示已经完成或特征。它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前，过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。eg: the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leavesleaves which has fall en This is the house built last year. This is
24、 the house which was built last year. 区分： to be done being done done 作定语的区别(2) 作状语过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。eg: Tired out, they stopped to have a rest.( 原因 / 时间 ) Taken around the city, we were impressed by the city s new look. Though warned of the danger ,he s
25、till went skating on the thin ice. (3) 作补语与宾语是被动关系可以带过去分词作宾补的动词常有有感官动词五看二听一感觉 ， 使役动词have, get, make 等，以及其他类动keep, leave, like, want, wish 等。eg: I had my leg broken last week. 非谓语动词的独立结构非谓语动词的独立结构为“ 名词或代词非谓语动词” 或“with名词 / 代词非谓语动词” 。 在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子 即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，须保留之后所构成的结构。可放在句首或句尾。(一) 名词或代
26、词非谓语动词1名词 / 代词不定式名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句末。eg: He will send me 100 first, the rest to follow in a year. (2) 名词 / 代词现在分词名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。eg :Time permitting, we will finish the work.(表条件 ) Spring coming on, the trees turns green.(表时间 ) 3名词 / 代词过去分词名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作
27、的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。eg: The signal given, the bus started. Their strength exhausted, they sank down one by one. 二 with 名词 / 代词非谓语动词1with 名词 / 代词不定式精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案6 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。eg: With nothing to do, they went out for a walk.表原因(2)wit
28、h 名词 / 代词现在分词宾语和动词 -ing 之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg: The boy slept with the light burning.表伴随(3) with 名词 / 代词过去分词不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。eg: They stayed inside with the door l ocked.表伴随3. Where did he go? He went to another store _. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pe
29、ncils 4. My baby has a heart trouble. Did the doctor find it difficult _? A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat 5. Did the judge ask you many questions? Yes, and _. A. they were difficult to be answered B.to answer them was to be difficult C.they were difficult to answer D.they had
30、difficulty in answering 6. The lost child desired nothing but _ home. A. go B. to go C. going D. went 7. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 10. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here. A. waited
31、B. waiting C. to wait D. wait 11. I dont know her and I don t _. A. want B. want to C. want it D. want so 12. To play fair is as important as _. A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well 13. Its most foolish _ so. A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your sa
32、ying 14. I have no pen _. A. writing B. to write C. to write with D. to be writing 15. Those letters are _ to the countryside right away. A. to be sent B. sending C. to have been sent D. sent 16. _ our wishes, we must try our best to work well. A. Realizing B. To realize C. Realized D. Having realiz
33、ed 17. Would you please _ on the table? A. dont write B. not to write C. not write D. not writing 18. Tom pretended _ something when his mother came in. A. writing B. to write C. to be writing D. being written 19. We are all afraid _ by robbers. A. to rob B. to be robbed C. of robbing D. of being ro
34、bbed 20. Im sorry _ off the light when I left the room. A. to forget to turn B. to have forgotten to turn C. to have forgotten turning D. to be forgetting turning 21. The child had no choice but _. A. to cry B. cry C. crying D. cried 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案7
35、22. Don t take the medicine. It can t help _ rid of your cold. A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets 23. Do you get someone _ your clothes? Yes, I often have them _. A. wash/washed B. to wash/washed C. washing/wash D. washed/washing 24. They did not observe her _ in and go upstairs. A. to come
36、B. coming C. come D. has come 26. With all her friends and money gone, she really didnt know _. A. how to do B. what to do C. which to do D. when to do 27. Does anybody want an extra ticket to go to the play? Whom would you rather have _ with you, George or me? A. to go B. go C. gone D. going 28. Ca
37、n you ride a horse? No, I never had the chance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how 29. I didnt hear you _ in last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy. A. come/not being B. coming/to not be C. coming/not being D. come/not to be 30. We advised her _ there at on
38、ce. A. should get B. gets C. to get D. to getting 31. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to have met D. to meet 32. He would sit alone and listen to Mary _ the piano. A. to play B. playing C. played D. play 33. He is _ honest a man _ a lie. A. so/to tell
39、 B. too/to tell C. very/to tell D. such/that tell 34. I ran too fast _ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice 35. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday. A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didnt eat D. to not have eaten 36. To learn to speak English
40、well, _. A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice 37. We didn t expect our offer _ so quickly. A. rejected B. to rejected C. to be rejected D. rejecting 38. My mother will be sorry _ that news. A. hearing B. to be heard C.
41、 when hear D. to hear 39. Id rather lose the game _. A. not to hurt him B. not hurt him C. than to hurt him D. than hurt him 40. It is Master Wu who taught us _ the machine. A. how to do with B. ran C. how to run D. how could run 43. She seemed _ at the news. A. surprising B. surprise C. surprised D
42、. to surprise 44. The man will do everything he can _ a camera for his wife. A. to get B. got C. buy D. bought 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 8 页高考英语语法学案8 46. You look light-hearted. Nothing seems _ to you. A. to happen B. to have been happenedC. to have happened D. to be happe
43、ned 47. The matter had better _ as it is. A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left 48. I wanted to have him _ the job, but she had it _ instead. A. do/done B. does/doing C. to do/doing D. to do/done 49. What he said made us deeply _. A. move B. moved C. to move D. moving 50. He likes parties. He is always the first _ and the last _. A. coming/leaving B. to come/leave C. come/leave D. to come/to leave 参考答案1 5 CCADC 610 BAADD 1115 BABCA 1620 BCCDB 2125 ABBCD 26 30 BBDDC 3135 DBBAA 36 40 BCDDC 4145 ACCAD 46 50 CDABD 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 8 页