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1、读书破万卷下笔如有神高考英语动词时态和语态复习 整理 一、考点聚焦时:时间态:动作的状态I went to school yesterday go everyday 时间决定状态(时间与状态时对应的),根据动作的发生时间决定动作的状态就是时态在汉语中,时态很简单如我昨天去学校我今天去学校,动作“去”都是一样的,时态的区别在于时间,而英语中比较复杂,因为是时间与状态发生同时发生改变根据时间我们可以分过去现在将来过去将来 (我曾经梦想。 。 ) 状态可分为一般、进行、完成、过去一般现在进行将来完成过去将来Ing 一出现动作变成慢镜头( 1 ) 一 般 现 在 时 考 点 分 析句 型主 语 +do
2、/does/be 标 志 性 时 间 词often/usually/every/sometimes/on 星期表示经常或习惯性动作表示客观事实或普通真理/ 格言(不受时态限制)The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100oC. Knowledge is power 表示知觉、 态度、感情、 某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell 、taste 、feel 、notice 、agree 、believe 、like 、hate 、want、think
3、、belong seem等。如:I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 在 时 间 (as soon as/the monet/when) 、 条 件 状 语 从 句 (if/unless)/让 步 状 语 从 句(whatever 、however)中常用 一般现在时代替将来时。但 要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或 will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitat
4、ion and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。Whatever you say,I will not change my mind. 少数用于表示起止的动词如come 、go、 leave 、 arrive、fly 、return、start、begin 、pen、close 、end、stop 等常用 一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be 表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.
5、m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. 6. 表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。常以here.there 开头 here comes the bus. There goes the bell. 习惯上提到“某报纸上说”某书上用says。The newspaper says that the meeting will be held at the hilton hotel 可用 do+动词原形来加强语气He does look like his father 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,
6、共 6 页读书破万卷下笔如有神(2)一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如:I met her in the street yesterday. 一般过去时用法1 have got +名词,表示。 。有。 。 。 是 have 的口语用法I have got a problem =I have a problem 2.used to 动词原形,表示过去的习惯动作3. would动词原形,也可表示过去的习惯My mother
7、would go downtown when she was not busy 4 过去和 ever 、 never 连用,表示过去的经验Did you ever see a lion 你曾见过狮子吗?5 since从句一般用过去时It is three years since he went abroad. (3)一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow 、next week等) 。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We ll die without air or water. 表示趋向行为的动词如come 、go、s
8、tart、begin 、leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别:be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备; shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如:If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确 ) If it is fine, we are going to go fish
9、ing.(错误 ) be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。表示计划做事情 she is to be visit japan nexy week 表示应该 you are to report it to the police 表示想打算 If you are to be there before ten,we will have to go now A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon. be about to do sth.表示“即可,就要” ,后面不能接时间状语或状语从
10、句。When Autumn harvest is about to start. (4)现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划; go、 come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如:The girl is always talking loud in public.( 与 always 、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩) 1 get become turn run/begin/forget/finish等词的现在进行时可以表示将来,有逐渐、快要的意思 father is getting fat 下面
11、四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A) 表示心理状态、 情感的动作: like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 (B)表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。 (C)表示一时性动作的动词:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页读书破万卷下笔如有神allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, c
12、omplete。 (D)表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。(5)过去进行 was were doing 过去某一个时刻正在进行的动作。(6)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。 (用过去完成时这个句子(同一个句子)中要有一个过去的动词或者是时间词做对比、不能单独出现【2012 全国新课程】 33.、 【2012 山东卷】28、 【2012 浙江卷】、20XX 年安徽 35)一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(过去的过去)那么发生在前的事情的动词需用过去完成时如 before he had learned
13、english before she came to england. 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作如 by then,by that time, unitl then, by the time+句子常用过去完成时的几种情况:(A)在by、by the end、 by the time、until、before 、since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如:By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the s
14、tation. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped / planned + to have done。 (C) “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时; “时间名词 + ago” 在句中作状语, 谓语动词用一般过去式。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left
15、school 3 years ago.( D)表示“一就”的几个句型:Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词+ when / than / before + 一般过去时。如: We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 在 before或 after引导的时间状语从句中/ 本身已经表示时间先后了,用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room,
16、 the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 叙述历史事件时,不用过去完成时,只用过去式(7)现在完成时考点分析。1. 表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:since then, up to/till now, so far (至今 ) during / in / over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、 in recent years 等【 2012安徽卷】 26.。2 表示一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,
17、注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,常用状语(already,just yet never before ) 放在一定的语境下至少有两个句子He has turned off the light=the light is off now. 下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句(用was had 从句用过去完成时)This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时 that 过去完成时It is high time/very time that (虚拟语气、过去式) This
18、(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
19、 -第 3 页,共 6 页读书破万卷下笔如有神Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 现在完成时不能和明确表示过去时间的状语连用如 ago/yesterday/last year/when引导的时间状语 . Have gone to 去了某地 have been to 去过某地(8)过去将来时考点分析。表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态( 一般用于宾语从句) I told him I would see him off at the station 参照一般将来时对比:用would do 、was / were going to do sth.表
20、过去将来;come 、go、leave 等过去进行时表过去将来时;was / were to do sth. 和 was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。注意几组时态的区别:一般过去时与现在完成时:时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形
21、式则只用一般过去时即可。补充将来完成时表示将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,by + 将来的某一个时间。By this time of next year,all of you will hve become college students 做题技巧: 1. 一般情况:首先看时间:1. 具体时间词 2. 没有具体时间词,根据题干(出现的句子)提示(也就是出现的句子看动词形式)确定事情在什么时候发生(过去、现在、将来)然后:动词发生的状态(完成、经常、进行的):对比该动作与参照动词 之间发生的 先后顺序 。2 特殊情况: . 根据语境, 看要填动词应该是发生在什么时间段【2012 江苏卷】 34
22、【2012 江西卷】 262、被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by 短语有时可以省略) 。(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I w
23、as given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. 主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变); (作补语的)不定式前需加to 。The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention
24、 to. 情态动词和be going to、be to 、be sure to、used to 、have to 、had better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be + 过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe 、expect 、think 、know、write 、consider 、report等时,被动语态有两种形式: (A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用 it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页读书破万卷下
25、笔如有神People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有: It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought t
26、hat (2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词,如:last 、hold 、benefit、contain 、equal 、fit、join 、mean 、last 、look like、consist to等。表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish 、want、hope、like 、love 、hate 等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是
27、物时,常见的动词有sell 、write 、wash、open、lock 等。(3)主动形式表被动意义。当 feel 、look 、smell 、taste 、sound 等后面接形容词时;当cut 、 read、sell 、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door won t lock.门锁不上。The fis
28、h smells good.鱼闻起来香。当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、 work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。不及物动词词组The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“ be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to d
29、rink. The girl isnt easy to get along with. 另外: be to blame(受谴责 ) ,be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路be drunk喝醉be dressed穿着The girl
30、 was dressed in a red short skirt. (5)被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页读书破万卷下笔如有神The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态 ) The book is well sold.(系表结构 ) 二、经典名题导解选择填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001) A. will request B
31、. are requested C. are requesting D. request 解析:答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的,因为说的是一条规定,所以用一般现在时,而visitor与 request之间是动宾关系,即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢?不清楚,也不必知道,因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与 request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _
32、 so rapidly.(NMET 2001) A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 解析:答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事,因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况,而“科技发展迅速” 也是现阶段正存在的一种状态,不是在过去,也不是在将来,因此只能用现在进行时表达。3. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.(2000年春季高考)A. comple
33、ted B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 解析:答案为 D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从 and were ready to start句意可知,一切准备工作已经就绪,可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词,与句子的主语是被动关系,所以需要用被动语态表达。注意分清complete 与主语之间的关系;结合语境选择正确时态。1” life is like walking in the snow, ”she used to say: ” because every step - (2012全国卷 ) A
34、 has shown B is showing C shows D showed 2.i had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers -before may eyes (2012全国卷 ) Aswim B swum C swam D had swum 3. after jack had sent some emails ,he -working on his project (2012山东卷) A had started B has started C started D starts 4 the manag
35、er was conerned to hear that two of his trusted workers- (2012山东卷 ) A will leave B are leaving C have lefe D were leaving 5.when I got on the bus ,I -I had left my wallet at home (2011山东卷 ) A was realizing B realized C have realized D would realize 6.up to now,the program-thousands of children who would otherwise have died. AA would save B saves c had saved D has saved(2010山东卷 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 6 页