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1、英语写作全部课件 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life, there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Ideas & Improving Zhao XiaojunZhao XiaojunCollege of Foreign LanguagesCollege of Foreign Languages Teaching AimsTeaching Aims Ways to generate ideas for a given-titled composition Ways to improve the d
2、raft Improve the writing ability Three ways to generate ideasThree ways to generate ideas Questioning Listing & grouping Free-writingQuestions you may ask about the topicQuestions you may ask about the topic 1. “What”questions: Whats the problem? Whats the reason? Whats the answer? Whats my opinion?
3、 What can I do about it? 2. “Who” questions: Who was involved? Who did it ? Who was affected ? Who do I believe ? 3. “Why” questions: Why did it happen? Why did it change ? Why did I do it ? Why do I care? 4. “When” questions: When did this happen ? When did I realize this ? When did it change? 5. “
4、How” questions: How did it happen ? How did it get started? How was I affected ? How was others affected? How can I change this situation ?Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”1.Whats the problem?2.In what courses?3.How did it get started?Questi
5、onsANSWERSOften get poor grades .Compulsory courses such as Writing and Intensive ReadingI didnt take the courses seriously and did not think them useful. I didnt try to memorize new words and didnt do all the assignments .Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”Questioning-“My biggest problem
6、 this semester”4.Why didnt I memorize the new words?5.How do I feel about them now?6.What can I do about it? QuestionsANSWERSBoring work.Thought I could always depend on dictionaries in the future .I realize one can not learn the language well without the basic vocabulary .Ill attend the classes reg
7、ularly and do every assignment as requiredListing & GroupingListing & Grouping“The pleasure of having a bicycle”“The pleasure of having a bicycle”I. List all words or phrases related to the topic:1. not very costly ; 2. easy maintenance ;3. one will never forget the skill; 4. exercise the whole body
8、 ; 5. personally satisfying ; 6. freedom to move around ; 7. easy to learn ; 8. no need for a big shelter ; 9. see the beauty of nature better ;10. stop at any place ; 11. no pollution ; 12. in close contact with nature ; 13. reduces stress ; 14. can be lent to others ; 15. may be stolen easily ; 16
9、. can do the repairing job oneself ; 17. anyone can afford itListing & GroupingListing & Grouping“The pleasure of having a bicycle”“The pleasure of having a bicycle”II.Examine the list, and cross out the ones which do not fit .III. Group the remaining points1.Relatively inexpensive2.Healthy3.Flexibl
10、e1, 174, 11, 12, 136, 8, 10, 14, 154.Personally satisfying5, 9Free-writing 1. Brainstorming 2. Choosing 3. Working out an outline 4. Doing free-writingA brainstorm describes a state of mind when one is hit with an inspiration or many sudden and exciting ideas .1. Brainstorming Example :Watching TVin
11、ternationalwasting timetiredbenefittravelmoneymore knowledgemoviestalk showdirectlystars2. Choosing ideas Choosing ideas is to narrow down the scope and decide which ideas you are going to use in your composition .3. Working out an outline A. Pattern of an outline Topic Thesis: I. Introduction II.Ma
12、in ideas 1. Sub-idea 2. Sub-idea a.Supporting details b.Supporting details III. Conclusion 3. Working out an outline B. Two types1). Topic outline : fragments2). Sentence outline : complete sentences Example: topic outline Topic:My neighbors were moving away I. My neighbors getting ready to move II.
13、 My neighbors being a family of two A. The wife ,Wang , “head” of the family 1.A good cook 2.A good dressmaker 3.A peasant woman B.The husband , Fan, a typical peasant III. My loss of Wangs friendship A. The cause B. The consequenceVI. My regrets and the lesson I have learned Topic My neighbors were
14、 moving awayI. My neighbors were getting ready to move .II. My neighbors were a family of two . A.Wang , the capable housewife, was actually “head” of the family. 1. She could make all kinds of delicious dishes. 2. She could cut clothes as fashionable as those sold in town and had made nice trousers
15、 for my daughter. 3. Wangs family were completely country folks B.Fan, the husband, was a soft-spoken and timid man of few words 1. He had the habit of squatting down at the threshold when having his meals 2. He ( more facts should be supplied )III. I lost Wangs friendship A. Wangs nasty relatives d
16、estroyed my garden. B. I didnt accept Wangs apology.IV. Im sorry to see them go and regret having lost Wangs friendship just because I was too angry.Example: sentence outline Rules for writing an outline1. The two types cant be used together in the same outline;2. Parallel structures are used for th
17、e headings of the same rank;3. Use the same signals to mark the equal important parts, such as Roman numerals, capital letters or Arabic numbers. Topic : Contrast between my roommates Jenny and Linda I. Interests 1.Jenny , inactive type Reads , watches TV, likes talking 2. Linda , “outdoors” type Jo
18、gger, swimming II. Attitude toward schoolwork 1. Jenny grows tense before exams , studies for hours , takes notes carefully. 2. Linda takes things easy before tests, and surrounds herself with food, can never sit still .4. Doing free-writingRules : Dont stop to correct mistakes or consult your frien
19、ds or dictionaries. Compensation strategyOvercoming limitations in writingSwitching to the mother tongue2. Coining words3. Using a circumlocution or synonym How to revise the draft ?1. Content: look at the composition as a whole.A. What is the topic of the composition? Does the draft fulfill the ass
20、ignment? B. Is the thesis clear? Is it supported by enough facts (details, examples, reasons, etc)?C. Is there irrelevant material that should be removed?D. Is the logic sound? Are there gaps in the logic?How to revise the draft ?2. Organization: look at the arrangement of the materials.A. Does the
21、introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the paper?B. Does each paragraph have a separate central idea? Does it relate to the papers main idea or to the previous paragraph? Are there proper transitions between sections? Are the paragraphs arranged in climactic order?C. Does the concluding pa
22、ragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the paper intends to say?How to revise the draft ?3. Sentences: make correct & good sentencesA. Is each sentence clearly related to the sentence before it and to the sentence after it?B. Are there unnecessary sentences that may be removed?C. Are the
23、re structural mistakes?D. Are there wordy and redundant sentences?E. Is there variety in sentence type?How to revise the draft ?4.Diction:A. Are there words that are not appropriate for the topic or the style of the whole paper?B. Are there words or phrase which are directly translated from Chinese
24、but which may mean something different in English ?C. Are there collocations which may be incorrect because they are taken from Chinese?5.Mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, word-division and other mechanics.What do we learn ? Three ways to generate ideas questioning, listing & grouping, and
25、 free-writing.II. Four steps to do free-writing brainstorming, choosing , working out an outline , doing free-writing III. Outline topic & sentenceIV. Ways to revise the draft content, organization, sentences, diction, and mistakes Ding Wangdao. (2005).A basic Course in Writing. Chapter 6 Yang Junfe
26、ng. (1999). Basic Writing in English. Part Two- InEMail me : Types of words mon words:a few thousand words ,used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes. 2.formal and technical words:words used by people of special professions or fields,on special occasions or for special purposes.These words are p
27、olitical,legal,scientific,technical,business and literary words. Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words:same, speech, learned, destroy.piece.endeavor,fragment 3.nonstandard words:used by people who are not well-educated or by people of special groups,such as people of a particular
28、region or an age group.Types of words(continued) Some of these words may not be understandable to people in general,and may disappear after a short period of time.These words are slang, jargon, dialectal,and obsolete words. eg. aint ( am not, isnt, hasnt); deal (agreement);neat(nice)How to achieve a
29、ccuracy and appropriateness 1).Use common or informal words for general purposes;use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes; 2).Use specific and concrete words when giving details;use general or abstract words when making summaries; eg. general specific animal
30、tiger, fox, insect laugh giggle,roar,grin 3).Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations;avoid combinations that are unidiomatic; 4).When there are synonyms,choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style. Types of Verbs Transitive verb
31、s Intransitive verbs Ditransive verbs Phrasal verbs Link verbs Auxiliary verbs and Modal verbsTransitive Verbs 1.often followed by objects eg. The temperature rose 10 degrees. 2.used together with prepositional phrases or adverbs eg. She always reminds me of her mother. 3.delexical verbs (have the s
32、ame meaning with +v./n.) a.+v.(n.) b.+n.Intransitive Verbs 1.no objects following. eg.He was shivering all over. 2.followed by objects a.changed from vt. eg. He runs a store./He runs fast. b.followed by objects of the same origin.eg.live a happy life.Ditransive verbs 1. usual pattern:vt.+indirect o
33、+direct o 2.vt. +direct o+to/for +indirect o eg.Sing us a song,please. Sing a song for us ,please. We owed him $100. We owed $100 to him. 3.rarely change the order eg.I wish you good luck.Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs have a certain meaning 1.vi.+adverbs eg.break in; come about 2.vi. +prep. eg. accoun
34、t for; call on 3.vt.+adv. eg.bring about; hurry up 4 .v.+adv.+prep. eg.put up with Phrasal verbs containing n. 1. V.+n. eg.change ones mind 2.v.+n.+prep. eg.get hold of 3.v.+prep.+n. e into beingTwo Forms of VerbsFinite FormsNon-finite FormsFinite Forms of VerbsFeatures 1.the verb will be coherent w
35、ith subject; 2.the verb should represent different tense,voice,and mood.Non-finite Forms of Verbs Features 1.neednt be coherent with subject 2.can be used as many sentence elements but predicate 3.three types:infinitive,gerund,&participleTenses The present indefinite The present(past) continuous ten
36、se The simple future tense/the past future tense The future continuous tense The simple past tense The present(past) perfect tense The present (past)perfect continuous tense The sequence of tensesVoices (Subject)The people(Predicate)supported(Object)himHeWassupportedby the peopleMoods The Indicative
37、 Mood The Imperative Mood The Subjunctive MoodThe Present Indefinite Verbs: stative verbs:love,owe. inatantaneous verbs:declare Usage: 1.经常发生或反复发生的动作。 eg. He gets up at six. 2.现在的情况或状态。 eg.She knows several languages. 3.永恒的真理。 eg.It snows in winter. 一般现在时表示现在动作一般现在时表示现在动作 1.球赛解说egnow YaoMing gathers
38、 the ball. 2.演示说明egwatch,I switch on the current. 3.动作描述或舞台动作描述He sits down. 4.表示一些没有时间性的动作 a.剧情介绍eg.How does the story end? b.转述书面材料的内容eg.The notice says, c.指路eg.How do I get to?/You go down . d.图片说明eg.The wounded child stands e.用在here和there的后面eg.Here comes the Sentences 1.What is a correct sentenc
39、e? 1) . It should be structurally correct complete; 2).It should begin with a capital letter; 3).It should end with a full stop,or a question mark,or an exclamation mark; 4).It should express a single complete idea.2.Improve the following sentences 1).How to operate this computer? 2).Have lost my ke
40、y. 3).Because he didnt finish his assignment. 4).The old man returning home after 8 years absence to find that all the neighbors he had known were no longer there.3.Types of sentences 1). The Periodic Sentence: the sentence that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word,
41、which is the most important word of the sentence. 2)The short and long sentences a. short sentences:powerful,effective,clear and easy to read in ads and speech. b. long sentences :effective and adequate. c.alternating short and long sentences3).Simple,Compound,Complex,and Compound-Complex sentences
42、a.The simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination. Eg. Tom and Mary went to the park,ate there and came back late yesterday. b.The compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences.Two forms: coordination conjunctions and semicolon. Complex&Compound-Complex sentence A complex se
43、ntence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word.eg. Because I got up late, I didnt have breakfast. (subordination) A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent word statements. Eg. Because I got up late this
44、 morning,I didnt have breakfast and I was late for class ,too.Sentences I-Common ErrorsZhao XiaojunCollege of Foreign Languages Teaching AimsTeaching Aims1. Let Ss understand the typical errors in sentences structure 2. Ways to avoid and correct3. Improve the writing ability . Run-on sentences A run
45、-on sentence incorrectly runs together two independent sentences without any signals to mark the break. E.g.The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well. 1. punctuation: comma, semicolon or period 2. joining word(conjunction,adv,phase) The exam was postponed , and the class was canceled as
46、well. The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well. How to correct How to correct ? . Fragmentary sentences Fragment A word group that lacks main parts of the sentence (subject, predicate) & that does not express a complete thought.Forms of Fragmentary Sentences dependent-word fragments in
47、g &to fragment added-detail fragment missing-subject fragment1. Dependent word fragment1. Dependent word fragment Because I was late for class. I didnt meet Mr.Green. After I arrived in Chicago.How to correct ? 1).attach (the fragment to the sentence that has a relationship with it); Because I was l
48、ate for class, I didnt meet Mr.Green. 2).eliminate the dependent word After I arrived in Chicago.2. -ing&to fragment E.g. She was at first very happy with the blue sports car she bought for only $500.Not realizing until a week later that the car averaged 7 miles a gallon of gas.How to correct ? 1).a
49、ttach E.g. She was at first very happy with the blue sports car she bought for only $500, not realizing until a week later that the car averaged 7 miles a gallon of gas. 2).change the fragment into a complete sentence Not realizing She didnt realize 3. Added-detail fragment E.g. The class often star
50、ts late. For example, yesterday at a quarter after nine, instead of nine sharp.How to correct ? 1).attach The class often starts late, for example, yesterday at a quarter after nine, instead of nine sharp. 2).change the fragment into a complete sentence For example, yesterday it began at a quarter4.