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1、语法讲解（一）语法讲解（一）句子成分句子成分一一.概述概述1.句子是由句子是由作用不同的各部分作用不同的各部分组成的，这些组成的，这些组成部分就叫做句子成分。组成部分就叫做句子成分。2.句子成分可以是句子成分可以是单词单词，也可以是，也可以是短语短语或或从从句。句。3.在句子中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和在句子中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和谓语，称之为谓语，称之为主要成分主要成分；起次要作用的有；起次要作用的有宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，表语等，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，表语等，称之为称之为次要成分次要成分。二二.词类和句子成分的关系词类和句子成分的关系！要熟练地去分析句子结构，就首先要
2、要熟练地去分析句子结构，就首先要了解词类相互间的关系以及词类与句子成了解词类相互间的关系以及词类与句子成分的关系。分的关系。1.词类词类（1）名词（）名词（noun）,代词（代词（pronoun）,数词数词（numeral）,形容词（形容词（adjective）,动词动词（verb）,副词（副词（adverb）等六大词类）等六大词类可在可在句子中单独作一定的成分，统称为实词。句子中单独作一定的成分，统称为实词。（2）冠词（）冠词（article）,介词（介词（preposition）,连接词（连接词（conjunction）,感叹词感叹词（interjection）等四大词类在句子中）等四大词
3、类在句子中不能不能单独构成句子成分，只起辅助和连接作用，单独构成句子成分，只起辅助和连接作用，统称为虚词。统称为虚词。2.词类相互间的关系词类相互间的关系（1）形容词、数词通常修饰名词，有时名词）形容词、数词通常修饰名词，有时名词也可修饰另一名词也可修饰另一名词;形容词也可修饰代词。形容词也可修饰代词。实例解析实例解析The three tall and strong men are all basketball players.解析：数词解析：数词three和形容词和形容词tall、strong都修都修饰名词饰名词men。此外，此外，名词名词basketball修饰修饰名词名词players
4、。The writer often writes something interesting about children.解析：形容词解析：形容词interesting修饰不定代词修饰不定代词something。（2）副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词）副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词实例解析：实例解析：The girl plays the piano quite well.解析：副词解析：副词well修饰动词修饰动词play,另一副词另一副词quite修饰副词修饰副词well.The film is very instructive.解析：副词解析：副词very修饰形容词修饰形容词instructi
5、ve.虚词虚词冠词一般只用于名词前，起辅助指明名词的冠词一般只用于名词前，起辅助指明名词的含义。含义。介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能在句子中作一定的成分（定语，状语，才能在句子中作一定的成分（定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语等）表语，宾语补足语等）连词起连接词、词组和句子的作用。连词起连接词、词组和句子的作用。感叹词指用作句子里的独立成分，一般放在感叹词指用作句子里的独立成分，一般放在句首。句首。实例解析实例解析（1）The League members of Class One are having the League meeting in t
6、he school yard.解析：三个冠词解析：三个冠词the分别指明分别指明League members,League meeting和和school yard.而而介词短语介词短语of Class One 作定语修饰作定语修饰the League members,而而另一介词短语另一介词短语in the school yard则作状语修饰谓语则作状语修饰谓语are having.（2）Oh,it is raining so hard that we have to stay indoors.解析：解析：oh是感叹词，在句中作独立成分。是感叹词，在句中作独立成分。而而that是是连词，起连
7、接状语从句连词，起连接状语从句we have to stay indoors的作用。的作用。3.词类和句子成分的关系词类和句子成分的关系！词类和句子成分本是两个完全不同的语法概词类和句子成分本是两个完全不同的语法概念，但却密切联系，因为词类在句中所起的作用念，但却密切联系，因为词类在句中所起的作用不同，就形成了句子的各个不同的成分。不同，就形成了句子的各个不同的成分。主语主语主语是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主语是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体。主体。（1）名词，代词，数词常在句中用作）名词，代词，数词常在句中用作主语，另主语，另the+adj.表某一类人或某一表某一类人或某一类事物或某一抽
8、象概念时也可做主语。类事物或某一抽象概念时也可做主语。（2）动名词，动词不定式和主语从句）动名词，动词不定式和主语从句也能做主语。也能做主语。例句分析例句分析1.Mr. Smith is a famous writer.2.He reads newpaper every day.3.Two and six is eight.4.The old are taken good care of here.5.Somking is harmful to your health.6.To swim in the Changjiang River is a great pleasure.7.What we
9、 shall do next is not decided.谓语谓语谓语是用来说明主语的动作或状态。谓语是用来说明主语的动作或状态。动词在句子中作谓语。动词在句子中作谓语。例句分析例句分析1.The new term begins on the 1st Sep.2.He showed me his new car.3.He is a student.4.I can speak English.5.Great changes have taken place in China since1978.6.Rice is grown in the south.宾语宾语1.及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词
10、宾语。及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词宾语。介词后面的成分称为介词宾语。介词后面的成分称为介词宾语。2.名词，动词，数词在句中常作动词宾语或名词，动词，数词在句中常作动词宾语或介词宾语。介词宾语。 动词不定式常作动词宾语。动词不定式常作动词宾语。 动名词和宾语从句可作动词宾语和介词宾动名词和宾语从句可作动词宾语和介词宾语。语。 例句分析例句分析1.Tom lent me a novel to read in the bus.2.The medicine is good for a cough.3.-How many books do you want? -I want four.4.She to
11、re the cloth in two.5.Please give the letter to her.6.He likes to ask questions.7.Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?8.Mary is good at playing chess.9.He asked me what I was going to do in spring.宾语补足语宾语补足语1.宾语补足语是宾语补足语是接在宾语后面接在宾语后面补充补充说明宾语说明宾语的动作、特征、状态的充的动作、特征、状态的充分。分。2.名词，形容词，副词可作宾语补名词，形容词，副词可
12、作宾语补足语。足语。 动词不定式，现在分词，过去分动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词以及介词短语等也可做宾语补足词以及介词短语等也可做宾语补足语。语。例句分析例句分析1.We made him chairman.2.My coming late this morning made the teacher angry.3.He found the meeting over when he arrived there.4.You should put your things in order.5.The doctor advised him to stay in bed for a week.6.I
13、saw the students playing football.7.You must have your hair cut.表语表语1.表语是表语是跟在系动词的后面跟在系动词的后面用来用来说明主说明主语语的身份、状态或者特征的成分。的身份、状态或者特征的成分。2.名词，代词，形容词，副词，数词能名词，代词，形容词，副词，数词能做表语。做表语。 介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词以及表语从句也可在分词，过去分词以及表语从句也可作表语。作表语。例句分析例句分析1.Im a teacher.2.Who is there?-Its I/me.3.He
14、is always careless.4.The football match is on.5.One and two is three.6.All the students are on the playground now.7.His dream is to become an actor.8.His job is teaching English.9.The glass is broken.10.The news is cheering.11.The question is who can really repair the machine.定语定语1.定语就是用来修饰名词或代词的成分。
15、定语就是用来修饰名词或代词的成分。2.单词作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前，单词作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前，但修饰复合不定代词时，则后置。但修饰复合不定代词时，则后置。此外此外，短语和从句作定语时，也要后置。短语和从句作定语时，也要后置。3.形容词，名词，代词，数词，副词可作定形容词，名词，代词，数词，副词可作定语。语。 介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现在分介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词以及定语从句也能作定语。词，过去分词以及定语从句也能作定语。 例句分析例句分析1.Well build our motherland into a great modern social
16、ist country.2.I have something important to tell you.3.There are few women workers in the factory.4.The oil workers here come from Daqing.5.There are ten desks in the room.6.Yesterday,he made a report on modern science.7.As he has lots of work to do,he is often the last one to leave the office after
17、 work.8.The girl playing the piano is Mary.9.The building built last year is our teaching building now.10.This is the new book which I bought yesterday.状语状语1.修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的成分就叫状语。成分就叫状语。2.副词常作状语。副词常作状语。 介词短语，动词不定式，现在分词短介词短语，动词不定式，现在分词短语，过去分词短语，以及状语从句也语，过去分词短语，以及状语从句也可作状语。可作状语。3.部分形
18、容词，一些表时间的名词词组部分形容词，一些表时间的名词词组也能作状语。也能作状语。例句分析例句分析1.He runs fast.2.The little boy is very lovely.3.Dontt ride too fast.4.There is a bottle of wine on the table.5.Ill be free before ten oclock tomorrow.6.They went there to visit their friends.7.Hearing the noise, I turned round.8.Having done my shoppi
19、ng, I returned home.9.Asked why he was late,he went red.10.Being ill, I stayed at home.(being+表语表语做状语时，常表原因做状语时，常表原因)11.When the bell rang,the student was waiting in his seat.12.I recognized you the moment/minute/instant或或immediately/directly I saw you.13.He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.14.Tired and hot,we had to stop to have a break.15.He returned to his hometown,safe and sound.THANK YOU!