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1、1 代词代词可以分为下列九类1 人称代词 2 物主代词3 反身代词4. 相互代词5. 指示代词6. 疑问代词7. 关系代词8. 连接代词 9 不定代词一 人称代词 英语中主要有以下这些人称代词：数格人称单数复数一二三一二三主格I you he, she, it we you they 宾格me you him, her, it us you them 人称代词做主语时用主格，做宾语时用宾格。在作表语时，用宾格较多，例如：Who is knocking at the door? - Its me. 但在强调结构中却常用主格：It is I that who will love you from
2、beginning to end. 在使用人称代词时有下面几点值得注意：1）she可以用来代表国家，船只，大地，月亮等。e.g. I think England will do what she promised to do. 2) 在并列的主语中，I 总放在最后。e.g. Mary and I will be in charge of the case.You,she and I ,who are all good friends,should love one another from the bottom of our heart forever. 3) 第三人称，男女两性并用时，男先女
3、后。e.g. He and she still don t agree to the plan. 二 物主代词 英语中主要有下列这些物主代词：类型词义我的你的他（她，它）的我们的你们的他们的形容词性物主代词my your His, her, its our your their 名词性物主代词mine yours His, hers, its ours yours theirs 1.形容词性的物主代词只能作定语，如I am going to my home village to see my parents this weekend. 2.名词性的物主代词可以作：（注：形代具名名代，形代在句中
4、其后必有具体的名词。）1) 主语Ours is a big family. 2）宾语 The life in your country is quite different from ours. 3）表语 Whose dictionary is this? -it s mine. 4） “ of +名词性物主代词” 可用作定语That car of hers is always breaking down.= Her car is . 三 反身代词单数myself yourself himself herself Itself 复数ourselves yourselves themselves
5、 1这些词可用来：(注：主宾一致的情况下往往用反身代词充当宾语。) 1） 作宾语 I can t express myself in English. 2) 作表语 I am not quite myself these days. 3）作主语或宾语的同位语The theory itself is all right. 在作同位语时，自身代词常译作“本人”或“亲自”They must make investigation themselves. 他们必须亲自作调查。与 by oneself 较难区分by oneself 译为“一个人干（不要别人帮助）”They made the machine
6、 all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。2自身代词常和某些动词连用enjoy oneself, behave oneself(使自己举止良好),help yourself to sth. 请吃点 .Come to oneself 苏醒3常与某些介词连用by oneself 一个人做（不要别人帮助）for oneself 替自己，自己He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。in oneself 本身This is not a bad idea in itself. 这主意本身并不错。to oneself 供自己用Sh
7、e had a room to herself. 她自己住一间房。四 相互代词One another与 each other 由于表示相互关系，称为相互代词，两者的用法是差不多的。We can help one another (each other). We are eager to learn from each other. 五 指示代词有 this, that, these, those. 注意：1 前面刚提到的东西，英语中常用that (或 those)表示。e.g. We have no time to do it. That s our trouble. The umbrella
8、 you bought yesterday is cheaper than that I bought a moment ago.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页2 Generally speaking,the weather in the south is warmer than that in the north. (注： that 指代可单 the one，亦可指代抽象的不可数名词。) 2. 指下面要谈到的事物时，常用this, 表示。I want to know this: has John been he
9、re? 3 those在下面的这种类型的句子里常出现，表示人们或东西（后面多有一定定语修饰）Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed. The students in Class 1 are more active than those in Class 2. .(注： those 指代可数名词的复数the ones。 )六 疑问代词有 who, whom, whose, what, which 都是来构成特殊问句的。Who 通常做主语和表语，whom 做宾语。1 what, who 一
10、般来说， what 问的是职业或地位，who 问的是姓名。-What was her husband? - He was a lawyer. 比较- who was her husband? - He was John Smith, the son of a famous writer. 2 which, what Which 用于已知情况的选择，其后可以跟of, 而 what 用于未知情况的疑问，其后不能跟of. What fruit do you like best? Which do you like better, oranges or apples? 3 在以这类代词做主语时，后面的
11、动词可以用复数形式，也可以用单数形式，要看所代表的人或物是复数还是单数来决定。e.g. Who live(s) in this room? 如果不清楚代表的东西是复数还是单数，则动词多用单数形式。-What s there on the desk? - There re some books on it. 七.连接代词： 疑问代词都可以用作连接代词，来引起主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句。（注：不管何种从句我们的原则是“缺什么补什么”且语序要用陈述语序，即引导词位于句首其后的语序用主谓系结构，that 只有引导定语从句才在定从中充当句子成分其它任何情况下均不充当句子成分，只起引导词的作用，若“句意
12、完整无疑问”我们用that 引导名词性从句，若含“是否之意又不缺句子成分”用if whether 引导名从）。Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.What I really care about is whether it works or not. That china is a great socialist country is well known.The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.I didn t know what had happened until he
13、told me the news. After 5 hoursdrive,they got to what they thought was the place they had been dreaming of. When will the person who you think is up to the task come to work? How he worked it out is still a secret.代词 what 有时可以用来表示the thing which 这种意思。We should never pretend to know what we don t kno
14、w. 2 who(m), which, what等可以和ever 构成合成词，和前面所提到的疑问代词一样，引导名从。whatever=anything everything that 或 any , whichever (=anyone whoanythingthat )whoever (=anyone who) , whomever (=anyone whom )whosever( anyone whose)等可用于引导名词性从句。这类引导词均相当于“先行词关系代词”，没有疑问语气，但没有ever 的引导词which, who 等却依含有疑问意味。如：The poor young man i
15、s ready to accept whatever (=any) help he can get. 那个年青人意愿接受能得到的任何帮助。Whoever (=Anyone who) comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。This kind of book is of great help to whoever wants to do the job. 你们之中谁想要，我就给谁。You should give it back to whosever ( anyone whose)name is on the cover of the book. 注：这类词也可引导状语从句
16、，可用“no matter+ 疑问词 ” 替换，“ no matter+ 疑问词 ” 只引导让步状语从句且用逗号和主句隔开。 如：Whoever (=No matter who) you are, you can t pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过. will come to help with my English hasn t been decided. A .No matter who B.Whoever C.Whatever D.Who 案 D只有 D带有疑问口气 . 八不定代词：英语中有下面这些不定代词： all, each, every, both,
17、either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.以及一些复合不定代词，如：anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everything, nobody, nothing.1.some, any 和 no 的用法1). some /any+可数名词复数 /不可数名词2). some 用于肯定句或期待肯定应答的疑问句。any 用于疑问句或否定句，在肯定句中表示“任何一个”Would you
18、 like some tea? You can ask me if you have any questions. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页3 3). some of +代词宾格复数+ the + 名词复数I know some of them, but not all. （注：当any 及 any 系列词表任何之意时可用在肯定句，如：Anything may happen in the world, which is commen in our real life. ）4). no+可数名词 /不可数名词
19、no=not a/not any I have no car. ( I have not a car.) We had no bread for breakfast. (We had not any bread for breakfast.) Exercise : Fill in the blanks with some, any or no 1). I asked her for _ paper, but she didn t have _.some any 2). Would you like to have _ bananas? Yes, I d like to.some 3). Luc
20、y has _ bike and she often rides her sister s bike.no 4). _ of the plants grow well. Some 5). There is _ air on the moon. no There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _ for me? Aany; someBany; anyCsome; someDsome; any A 2.few, a few, little, a little的用法：词 类目含义语气修饰或代替的名词few 很少几个否定复数可数名词a few
21、 有几个肯定复数可数名词little 很少，不多否定不可数名词a little 有一点肯定不可数名词Exercise: 1). I have a little good friends in our class.(改错 ) a little-a few A B C D 2). There is little water in the bottle, _ _? (补全反意疑问句) is there 3)There is _ water here; but there are quite _ empty glasses. Alittle; a few Bfew; littleCfew; a few
22、 Dlittle; a little A 4). Kate is a nice girl. She says _ but do much. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little c 3.some，any, no, every 与-thing ，-body ，-one 构成的合成词的用法some，any 与-thing ，-body，-one 构成的合成词的用法与some， any一样。something, somebody 和 someone 用于肯定句anything, anybody 和 anyone用于否定句或疑问句注意：1).这些代词作主语时，谓语
23、动词用第三人称单数。如：Everything is hard at the beginning. 2). something，anything，nothing 三者跟形容词时,形容词要放在它们的后面。Be quiet! I have _ to tell you. Aimportant anything B anything important Cimportant somethingD something important D 4.both 和 all 的用法：1). both “两者都” ；all “三者或以上都”2). both+名词复数Both suggestions are good
24、. both of + 代词宾格复数Both of my parents are healthy. both of + the+ 名词复数3). all + the+ 名词复数 /不可数名词All the oil has been used up. all of +代词宾格复数All of them go to the movies. all of + the+ 名词复数All of the windows are open. 5.both, either和 neither 的用法：both：指两者都，肯定。后面的名词要用复数，谓语动词用复数。either：指两者中的任意一个。后面的名词要用单
25、数，谓语动词用单数。neither：指两者中没有一个，全否定。后面的名词要用单数，谓语动词用单数。例如 : My brother and I saw 2 movies last night,neither of which was interesting. bothand作主语时 ,谓语动词用复数形式. either or“不是就是; 或者或者”. 连接的并列结构作主语时,谓语坚持就近原则neithernor“既不又不Exercise:1).Both Li Ping and I _ (be) students. are 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - -
26、 - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页4 2).Neither Li Ping nor I _ (be) a student. am 3).Either this answer or that answer _ (be) correct. is 4).Both (of them) _ (enjoy) the rice. enjoy 5). They were all asleep. _ of them heard the sound. A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither c 6).-May I use your pen? -Yes, here are two a
27、nd you can use _ of them. A. both B. every C. any D. either d 7). Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk ? _, thanks. I d just like a cup of tea.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None b 8)There are some trees on _ side of the street. AbothBallC Either DeveryC 6.each 和 every 的用法：1)
28、.each强调个体 (指一定数目的两者或两者以上，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。做主语谓语动词用单数。) every 强调“全体” ,只能作定语 (后面必须跟着名词，指不定数目中的每一个)。Each boy and each girl works hard every day in order to enter the dreamy college 。Each side of the street has a lot of trees. Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Not every man is honest. On _ side of the stre
29、et there are shops and restaurants. each On _ side of the square there are tall buildings. Each/every 3). every 还可以表示“每隔的；每 中的”Every year or two 每一两年every other day 每隔一天4). and 连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
30、Exercise: 1). - How often are the Olympic Games held?- _ four years. A. Every B. Each C. In D. For A 2). There are many trees on _ side of the street. A. all B. every C. neither D. each d 3). _ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in the dictionary AEach; every B Every; each
31、CEach; each DEvery; every a 4).There are lots of English books here, and _ of them is easy to understand. AbothBallCeveryDeach D 5)_ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in the dictionary. AEach; every BEvery; eachCEach; eachDEvery; every A 改错：1). I gave a present to every of
32、 her parents . every 改 each 2). There are lots of English books here, and every of them is easy to understand. every 改 each 7.one, (the) other , (the) others和 another 的用法1). one:一个 , 代指前面出现过的同类可数名词，复数为ones。2). another 经常指三者或三者以上中的另一个，意思是“另外一个表在原有基础上的又，再 ” ，是泛指。 I don t like this coat. Show me anothe
33、r, please. another +数字 +复数名词：另外几个We need another 3 plates. 3).other 表示“另外的” ，只作定语 ;other+名词复数 =others (没有范围限定）当 other 前 no, any, some 等词时，可接单数形式。e.g. any other plant, some other day(改天 )，no other choice. 4).the other,两者中的另一个。常与one连用，构成onethe other (一个。 。另一个 ) 5).others 泛指别的人或物，是other 的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但
34、不是全部，全部是“the others” ）e.g. some others 6).the others 特指其余的人或物,是 the other 的复数形式。Exercise: 用 another 和 other、others 1). Lei Feng is always ready to help _. others 2). Some are planting trees, some are carrying water, and _ are watering the trees . others 3). I have got ten pencils. Two of them are re
35、d , the _ are blue. others 4). She held a pen in one hand and his notebook in the _. other 5). I have read three stories. I ll go on to read _. Others/another 6). Can I have _ three cakes? another 7). The red T-shirts are more expensive than the white _. One These sweaters are too small for me. Plea
36、se show me _ one. AotherBothersCthe othersDanother D There are twenty teachers in this gradeEight of them are women teachers and _ are men teachers. Athe otherBthe othersCothers Dother B 8. none, no one, nothing的用法区别精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页5 1).no one=nobody 只能指人，但不具体
37、指什么人。不与of 连用；谓语动词用单数；表示 “ 什么人也没有 ” ，一般用来回答who,及含 anyone, anybody 引起的疑问句。No one like a person with bad manners. Who is in the room? No one. Is there anyone in the room? No one. 2).none(一个都没有，一点都没有，强调数量) 可与 of 连用，具体指什么人或物；谓语动词用单或复数；指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个 “, 代指上文提到的事物，含特指概念。暗示一种数量，即指数量上“ 一个也没有 ” 。一般用来回答ho
38、w many +n, how much +n 及含 any +n 引起的疑问句。请看：None of us have/has seen him. He wants me to lend him some money, but I have none at hand. （特指前面提到的钱） How many students are there in the room? None. How much money do you have on you? None. Is there any water in the bottle? None. 3).nothing 指物 ,泛指；谓语用单数；强调内
39、容。一般用来回答含anything 的一般问句及what 引起的特殊问句。He felt hungry, but he could find nothing to eat in the kitchen.（泛指所有吃的东西，不是特指某一种） What is in the box? Nothing. Is there anything in the sky? Nothing. Can you see anything without glasses? Nothing. 下面的顺口溜将帮你记得更清楚。No one 与 none 好分辨。 /具体人，物把none 填。不知何人与何物，/No one，
40、nothing 是一路。No one 人 nothing 物， /保你不会出错误。Exercise : 1.There is _ in the room. no one 2._ of the students is afraid of difficulties . None 3. -How many fish did you catch? None -_. 4.-Who is in the classroom? -_. No one=Nobody They were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to take a rest. AanyBSo
41、me CnoneDneither C 9. 全部否定和部分否定1）.All, both, everyone, everybody, everything 和 every 加名词都表示全部肯定，no one, none, nobody, nothing, notany 和 no +名词都表示全部否定；但当not 出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管 not 在他们之前还是之后都表示部分否定；e.g. Both of them haven t read this story. (not 在后 ) 他们两人并没有都看过这个故事。only one of them has read this
42、story. All bamboo doesn t grow tall=not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有竹子都长得高。全部否定的例子：all of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. 2） 总括性副词如everywhere, always, altogether, wholly 和 not 连用时，也表示部分否定。Such a thing can t be found everywhere. 这种事并非到处可见。 （部分否定）Such a thing can be foun
43、d nowhere.这种事什么地方也见不到。（全否）It 作代词时一般替代前面提到的同一事物，可以代替单数可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。ONE 用来代替同类事物中的一个，只可代替可数名词，表示同类泛指，复数形式是ones，有时 one 可以有修饰词。THAT 用来代替同类事物中的特指的一个，表示同类特指，即可代替单数名词（替代可数名词用those）也可替代不可数名词。其代替可数名词单数时相当于the one . Key: 18ADDDDACC 代词 it 的用法（一）it 的用法主要体现在以下几个方面：作为人称代词的it，先行代词的it，非人称代词的it 以及强调句中的it 和 it 的一些
44、习惯用法。1. it 指代前文出现的同一事物、群体、经验、活动等。可以代替一个词、词组或整个句子，以免重复。That wasn t where you had dinner，was it？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页6 If you remember these points ，it will help you. I love running. It keeps me fit. it 也可指代婴孩或姓名性别不详的人。Do you hear a baby crying ？Something must have h
45、urt it. Who is making so much noise ？ It must be the children. Somebody is knocking at the door. I don t know who it is. Who is it? 未见具体人，不同于Who is that ？见到具体某人，但不相识。2. it 用作非人称代词的主语，表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等或虚指的情境。It s Sunday tomorrow,so we are all going to church. It s five miles to the nearest station
46、 from here.It was dull when Tom was away. It seems that no one would like to help you. 3. it 充当形主或形宾It is of great help to master a foreign language. It took me a week to recite the text. I find it quite necessary to make some changes. 代指动名词，可作形式主语或形式宾语，常用在下列句型中It is no good（no use， useless ）动名词It i
47、s no usegood crying over spilt milk. It is a waste动名词 It is a waste of time arguing with them on this matter. 代指名词性从句She wants to make it clear whether you still love her or not. It is not known what caused the accident. It is true that age doesn t always bring wisdom. 4. 用于强调句型中It is（was）被强调部分（主语、宾
48、语或状语）that（who） 。it 无任何指代关系，也无实义。It is I who （that）will love you from beginning to end. It was in Shanghai that I first met Jack. It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to downtown yesterday. （二）研究一下近年来的高考试卷可以发现，含it 的句型几乎年年考到。可见it 句型的重要性和使用的普遍性。现根据其用法特点可归纳为下列几个句型。1. It is被强调部分that 该句
49、型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that 之后。 被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that 可以由who 换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。 It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. It was they that（who）cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her
50、 father. 2. It is not until 被强调部分that 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强调时间状语，译成汉语“ 直到 才” ，可以说是not until 的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. I didn t realize she was a famous