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1、. 2018年6月大学英语六级考试仔细阅读真题解析（卷二）Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer
2、Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bure
3、au, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Censuss measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like emp
4、loyer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published
5、article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expecta
6、ncy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.In 2005, as the authors o
7、bserve, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take
8、 longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of th
9、ese differences, comparing Frances consumption with the U.S.s overstates the gap in economic welfare.Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-b
10、eing at 22%.The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economys performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of imp
11、rovement has slowed markedly.Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of life changes could be incorporatedfor example, decreases in total emissions of pollut
12、ants and declines in crime rates.全文翻译及命题分析从经济上讲，我们的生活比十年前或二十年前更好吗？评论员从美国人口普查局最新的一份报告着手，渴望在这个问题上找到证据。该报告发现，2015年的家庭平均收入增长了5.2%。不幸的是，这一结论过于强调统计数据，而该数据虽有效，但有缺陷和不完整。统计调查在衡量测算方面有如下重要问题：1)它不包括税收、转账和补偿，如雇主提供的健康保险；2)它基于调查而不是数据。即便调查结果是精确的，收入数据也将一些经济福祉的重要决定因素排除在外，如赚取收入所需的工作时间。在思考这个问题的时候，我们看到了查尔斯琼斯和彼得克勒诺最近发表的一
13、篇文章，文中提出了一种新颖有趣的经济福祉衡量标准。它谈不上完美，但比平均收入作为唯一衡量指标要全面得多。它既考虑到人均消费的增长，也考虑到工作时间、预期寿命的变化和经济不平等等因素。此外，它既可以用于对比国与国之间的经济业绩，也可以用于评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩。琼斯和克勒诺提出的方法可以通过一个跨国案例加以说明。假设我们想将2005年美国和法国公民的经济福祉进行对比。2005年，正如作者所观察到的，法国的人均实际消费仅为美国的60%，表面上美国人的经济状况似乎比法国人的平均水平要好得多。然而，这种比较忽略了其他相关因素：闲暇时间、预期寿命和经济不平等。法国人休假时间更长，退休时间更早
14、，因此通常工作时间更短；他们的预期寿命更长，大概反映了法国在医疗保健、饮食、生活方式等方面的优势；法国的收入和消费分配相对于美国也要更均衡一些。由于这些差异，60%这一比较数据夸大了两国在经济福祉方面的差距。类似的计算也可以用来比较美国和其他国家。例如，这种计算将英国的经济福祉水平定为美国的97%，而墨西哥人的福利水平约为美国的22%。琼斯和克勒诺提出的衡量标准也可以用来评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩。根据这一标准，本世纪初到本世纪中期，美国的经济福祉比其它大国都要好。自2007年以来，美国的经济福祉持续改善。然而，改善的速度明显放缓。从方法上讲，琼斯-克伦诺研究所得出的教训是，经济福祉是
15、多维的。他们的方法足够灵活，原则上包括了其他重要的生活质量方面的变化，如污染物总排放量的减少和犯罪率的降低。【命题分析】本题包括多种阅读理解题型，既有细节题，也有观点态度题和推理判断题，因此有一定难度。【内容概要】本篇阅读理解介绍了一种衡量经济福祉的新方法Jones-Klenow method。它包含了影响生活质量的更多因素，比美国人口普查局所采用的方法更全面更灵活。【试题详解】46. What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?A) It is based on questionable statist
16、ics. B) It reflects the economic changes.C) It evidences the improved welfare. D) It provides much food for thought.【题干译文】作者是如何看待美国人口普查局2015年的报告？【选项译文】A. 它基于有问题的统计数据。B. 它反映了经济变化。C. 它证明了福利的改善。D. 它提供了许多值得思考的事情。【定位信息】将题干中2015以及Census Bureau等作为向导词，定位到第二自然段。也可以结合顺序法定位，该题作为本阅读文章第一题，阅读点一般在文章开头或靠前的位置。【答案详解】
17、答案是A。第二自然段第二句话“Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic.”意思是：不幸的是，这一结论过于强调统计数据，而该数据虽有效，但有缺陷和不完整。该数据有缺陷且不完整，自然是有问题的数据。【干扰分析】本题为细节题，定位信息明确，其它选项干扰性较小。47. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?A) It is widely used to compare t
18、he economic growth across countries.B) It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary peopled livelihood.C) It focuses on peoples consumption rather than their average income.D) It is a more comprehensive measure of peoples economic well-being.【题干译文】作者对琼斯和克勒诺提出的方法有什么看法？【选项译文】A. 它被广泛用于比较各国的经济增长。B. 它
19、彻底改变了衡量普通百姓生计的方法。C. 它关注的是人们的消费，而不是他们的平均收入。D. 它是衡量人们经济福祉的更全面的指标。【定位信息】将题干中人名Jones、Klenow作为向导词，结合顺序法，定位到第三自然段。【答案详解】答案是D。第三自然段第二句话“While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in wor
20、king time, life expectancy, and inequality.”意思是：它谈不上完美，但比平均收入作为唯一衡量指标要全面得多。它既考虑到人均消费的增长，也考虑到工作时间、预期寿命的变化和经济不平等等因素。很明显，作者在此发表自己对琼斯和克勒诺提出的方法的看法；虽不完美，但更全面。【干扰分析】本题为观点态度题，需要将第三自然段第二句话充分理解。48. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per pe
21、rson?A) It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.B) It neglected many important indicators of peoples welfare.C) It covered up the differences between individual citizens.D) It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.【题干译文】琼斯和克勒诺是如何看待美国和法国在真实人均消费方面的比较？【选项译文】A. 它反映
22、了两个经济体之间存在的巨大差距。B. 它忽视了许多重要的人民福利指标。C. 它掩盖了公民个人之间的差异。D. 它没有将自然资源方面的差异计算在内。【定位信息】将题干中comparison between France and the U.S.以及 real consumption per person作为向导词，结合顺序法，定位到第四、五自然段，这两个自然段主要讲美、法两国在真实人均消费方面的比较。【答案详解】答案是B。第五自然段第二句话“However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expe
23、ctancy, and economic inequality.”意思是：然而，这种比较忽略了其他相关因素：闲暇时间、预期寿命和经济不平等。很明显，B选项中neglected和important indicators分别与该句中omits和relevant factors对应。【干扰分析】本题为观点态度题。A选项明显与文章主旨不符，而D选项中美、法两国在自然资源方面的差异文中根本没有提到，可以轻易排除。C选项有很大的迷惑性，国民个人之间的差异比较含糊，到底指的是美、法两国公民之间的个体差异还是两个国家内部公民之间的个体差异或两者兼而有之？相比较而言，B选项意思更为明确，而且该选项中的相关表述与
24、对应的阅读点之间存在明显的对应关系。49. What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?A) It can accurately pinpoint a countrys current economic problems.B) It can help to raise peoples awareness of their economic well-being.C) It can diagnose the causes of a countrys slowing pace of economic improvement.D) It can c
25、ompare a countrys economic conditions between different periods of time.【题干译文】琼斯和克勒诺提出的方法有什么优势？【选项译文】A. 它能够准确地指出一个国家当前的经济问题。B. 它有助于提高人们对经济福祉的认识。C. 它可以诊断出一个国家经济发展速度放缓的原因。D. 它可以比较一个国家在不同时期的经济状况。【定位信息】将题干中Jones-Klenow method作为向导词，结合顺序法，定位到第七自然段。【答案详解】答案是D。第七自然段第一句话“The Jones-Klenow measure can also ass
26、ess an economys performance over time.”意思是：琼斯和克勒诺提出的衡量标准也可以用来评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩。琼斯和克勒诺提出的衡量标准可以用于对比国与国之间的经济业绩，也可以用于评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩，显然是该方法的一个优势。【干扰分析】本题为细节题，其在文中对应的阅读点明确，其他干扰项迷惑性较小。50. What can we infer from the passage about American peoples economic well-being?A) It is much better than that of the
27、ir European counterparts.B) It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.C) It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.D) It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.【题干译文】下列有关美国人民的经济福祉方面的推断正确的是哪一个？【选项译文】A. 美国的经济福祉比欧洲国家的经济福祉好得多。B. 自从世纪之交以来，美国的经
28、济福祉一直在走下坡路。C. 美国的经济福祉改善情况与美国人口普查局的报告有出入。D. 自本世纪中期以来，美国的经济福祉一致没有得到准确的评估和报告。【定位信息】将题干中American以及economic well-being作为向导词，结合顺序法，定位到最后两个自然段。该题作为本阅读文章最后一题，阅读点一般在文章结尾或靠后的位置。【答案详解】答案是C。根据第七自然段最后三句话，我们可以得知：本世纪初到本世纪中期，美国的经济福祉比其它大国都要好。自2007年以来，美国的经济福祉持续改善，然而改善的速度明显放缓。虽然美国的经济福祉持续改善，但改善的速度明显放缓，这明显与美国人口普查局的报告有出入
29、。【干扰分析】本题为推理判断题，需要通篇考虑。A选项中much better与实际程度不符，B选项与美国经济福祉持续改善的事实不符。D选项有一定的迷惑度，但since mid-2000s与文中的实际时间不符。Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.If youve ever started a sentence with, “If I were you.” or found yourself scratching your head at a colleagues agony over a decisio
30、n when the answer is crystal-clear，theres a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesnt suffer the same pitfalls.The problem i
31、s “decision fatigue,” a psychological phenomenon that on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making, says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients when its unwise
32、to do so. “Presumably its because its simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine thei
33、r own choices as belonging to someone else, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “Its as if theres something fun and liberati
34、ng about making someone elses choice.”Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good, says Polman. “When people experience decision fatiguewhen they are tired of making cho
35、icesthey have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo （现状）， he says. But the status quo can be problematic, since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome.”In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always
36、 essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “Thats not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin（懊恼）of a decision maker
37、who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”Just because you can make good choices for others doesnt mean youll do the same for yourself, Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that
38、 people slip in and out of decision roles.全文翻译及命题分析你在给他人提建议或某个同事正为做出一个决定而大伤脑筋的时候，答案在你看来却是再明显不过，正所谓“当局者迷，旁观者清。”这背后是有科学道理的。我们自己的决策能力会在一天中被消耗殆尽，导致优柔寡断或决策失误，而代表他人做出选择则不会落入同样的陷阱，从而是一项令人愉快的任务。首席心理学家埃文波尔曼说，这其中反映的问题就是“决策疲劳”：这是是一种在漫长的一天决策之后我们的决策质量出现下滑的一种现象。例如，那些连续工作了几个小时的医生更倾向于给病人开抗生素，尽管这样做很多时候并不明智。波尔曼说：“这大概
39、是因为直接开处方将病看完相对于做进行进一步的检查更为简单的缘故。”然而，为他人做决定时则不会遭遇决策疲劳。当人们把自己想象成顾问，而自己为他人作出的选择与自己无关，他们就不会感到那么疲劳，也不会靠走捷径来做出这些选择。“一个担任顾问而不是为自己作出决定的人，不会受到决策疲劳的影响，”他说，“就像替别人作出选择是一件既有趣又解脱他人的事情。”从他人那里获得信息不仅提供了一个全新的视角和思维过程，而且往往还包括更冒险的选择。尽管这听起来不可取，但这可能是一件非常好的事情。“当人们经历决策疲劳也就是他们厌倦了做出选择的时候他们会倾向于维持现状，”他说：“现状可能是有问题的，因为行动过程中作出改变有时
40、很重要，并会带来积极的结果。”为了获得成功或奖励，一定程度的风险总是必不可少的。“那些容易受决策疲劳影响的人可能会选择什么也不做，”他说：“这并不是说风险总是好的，但它与采取行动有关，而决策疲劳肯定会导致不作为。与其决策者因此而懊恼，不如另辟蹊径，但不幸的是，这总会受到觉得疲劳的阻碍。”你能为别人出好注意，并不意味着你也会为自己做出好的选择。他告诫道：“研究发现，女性总是为他人而不是为自己争取更高的薪水。”他还补充说，人们总是反复于决策者和被决策者这两个角色之中。【命题分析】题目设计以细节题为主，有不少题目题干中缺乏明显的向导词，需借助顺序法定位，好在定位难度都不大。【内容概要】本篇阅读理解介
41、绍了一种心理学现象决策疲劳，以科学的方式解释了“旁观者清，当局者迷”背后的原因。【试题详解】51. What does the author say about people making decisions?A) They may become exhausted by making too many decisions for themselves.B) They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves.C) They tend to make decisions the way they t
42、hink advantageous to them.D) They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities.【题干译文】作者对人们做出决策的看法是什么？【选项译文】A. 他们可能会因为做太多的决定而筋疲力竭。B. 他们在给别人做决定时比为自己做决定时更加谨慎。C. 他们倾向于以他们认为对他们有利的方式做出决定。D. 他们在决策能力上表现出很大的差异。【定位信息】本题题干中缺乏明显的向导词，making decisions是主题词，散落于文章各个地方，因此不适合作定位用的向导词。只有利用顺序法定位，该题作为
43、本阅读文章的第一题，阅读点一般在文章开头或靠前的位置。【答案详解】答案是A。根据第一自然段第二句话：“Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices.”意思是：我们自己的决策能力会在一天中被消耗殆尽，导致优柔寡断或决策失误。决策能力被消耗殆尽，意味着人们可能会因为做太多的决定而筋疲力竭。【干扰分析】本题为细节题，A选项中exhausted与对应的阅读点中depleted意义相关。其他几个选项迷惑性较小。52. W
44、hat does the example about the physicians illustrate?A) Patients seldom receive due care towards the end of the day.B) Prescription of antibiotics can be harmful to patients health.C) Decision fatigue may prevent people making wise decisions.D) Medical doctors are especially susceptible to decision
45、fatigue.【题干译文】医生的例子说明了什么？【选项译文】A. 病人很少在一天结束时得到应有的照顾。B. 抗生素处方可能对患者健康有害。C. 决策疲劳可能会阻碍人们做出明智的决定。D. 医生尤其容易受到决策疲劳的影响。【定位信息】题干中example以及physicians可作为向导词，结合顺序法，定位到第三自然段。【答案详解】答案是C。根据第三自然段第一句话：“Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to pat
46、ients when its unwise to do so.”意思是：例如，那些连续工作了几个小时的医生更倾向于给病人开抗生素，尽管这样做很多时候并不明智。这里以医生作为例子，证明了决策疲劳可能会阻碍人们做出明智的决定。【干扰分析】本题为细节题，定位以及文中对应的阅读点均不难，其他几个选项迷惑性也较小。53. When do people feel less decision fatigue?A) When they take decision shortcuts.B) When they help others to make decisions.C) When they have maj
47、or decisions to make.D) When they have advisers to turn to.【题干译文】人们在什么时候不太容易感到决策疲劳？【选项译文】A. 当他们考走捷径作出决定时。B. 当他们帮助别人做决定时。C. 当他们做出重大决定时。D. 当他们有求助的顾问时。【定位信息】题干中缺乏明显的向导词，decision fatigue也是主题词，散落于文章各个地方，因此不适合作定位用的向导词。只有利用顺序法定位，前面的52题在文中对应的阅读点在第三自然段，本题的阅读点在53题的阅读点也就是第三自然段第一句话之后的部分。结合选项，可以定位到第四自然段的第一句话。【答案
48、详解】答案是B。根据第四自然段第一句话：“But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. ”意思是：然而，为他人做决定时则不会遭遇决策疲劳。那么人们在什么时候不太容易感到决策疲劳呢？答案自然是当他们帮助别人做决定时。【干扰分析】本题为细节题，结合顺序法定位，不难找到该题在文中对应的阅读点，其他几个选项迷惑性较小。54. What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in?A) They turn to physicians for advice. B) They tend to make risky decisions. C) They adopt a totally new perspective.D) They refrain from trying anything new.【题干译文】当决策疲劳时，人们可能会做什么？【选项译文】A. 他们会求助于医生。B. 他们倾向于做出冒险的决定。C. 他们会采纳全新的观点。D. 他们不会尝试新的方法。【定位信息】题干中缺乏明显的向导词，dec