《2015年考研英语一真命题.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2015年考研英语一真命题.doc（13页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、.2015年考研英语一真题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publis
2、hed from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may
3、seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but
4、 not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than
5、 functional kinship of being friends with 14 ! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15than other genes. Studying this could help 16why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findi
6、ngs do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also cont
7、rolled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. A what B why C how D when2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3. A for B with C byD on4. A separatedB soughtC comparedD connected5. A testsB objectsC samplesD examples6. A insignificant B unexpected C unreliable D incredible7. A visitB missC
8、 knowD seek8. A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9. A againB alsoC insteadD thus10. A MeanwhileB FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps11. A aboutB toC fromD like12. A limitB observeC confuseD drive13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with14. A chancesB responsesC benefitsD missions15.
9、 A fasterB slowerC laterD earlier16. A forecastB rememberC express D understand17. A unpredictedB contributory C controllableD disruptive18. A tendencyB decisionC arrangementD endeavor19. A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20. A seeB showC proveD tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirect
10、ions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republica
11、ns left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case
12、 provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys contin
13、uing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow
14、voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and
15、 inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to ab
16、andon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes m
17、onarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles,
18、 who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it i
19、s kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainAeased his relationship with his rivals.Bused to enjoy high public support.Cwas unpopular among European royals.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as
20、 head of state in Europe mostlyAto give voters more public figures to look up to.Bto achieve a balance between tradition and reality.Cowing to their undoubted and respectable status.Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4
21、?A The role of the nobility in modern democracies.B Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals have most to fear because CharlesAtakes a tough line on political issues.Bfa
22、ils to change his lifestyle as advised.Ctakes republicans as his potential allies.Dfails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?ACarlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedBCharles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneCCharles, Slow to React to the Coming Th
23、reatsDCarlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has as
24、ked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologi
25、es.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that explorin
26、g the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone
27、 is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should no
28、t swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digita
29、l necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA search f
30、or suspects mobile phones without a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA tolerance. B indifference. C d
31、isapproval. D cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable toA getting into ones residence. B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences. D going through ones wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatA principles a
32、re hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatAthe Constitution should be implemented flexibly.BNew technology require
33、s reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.DPrinciples of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar
34、efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Jour
35、nal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any pa
36、rticular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni
37、Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impa
38、ct. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forward
39、and long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Inte
40、rnal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Rese
41、archers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it re
42、lies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.31. It can be learned from Paragraph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analys
43、is.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up (Para.2)is the closest in meaning toAfound. Brevised. Cmarked Dstored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Science
44、s circulation.Dset an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
45、A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many
46、 of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought