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1、学习必备欢迎下载英语分类复习攻略专题八：句子的种类及五种简单句型I. 句子的种类英语中，句子按其作用或按其语法结构(即句子的形式 )两种标准分类。下面是具体的分类依据和结果。(1) 按其作用或使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句 ：This is a truck. 这是一辆卡车。疑问句 ：Is this a truck? 这是卡车吗 ? 祈使句 ：Drive the truck away. 把卡车开走。感叹句 ：What a big truck it is! 多么大的卡车! （2）按语法结构，句子可分为：简单句 ：I am busy. 我很忙。并列句 ：I am busy washing, but h
2、e is playing basketball with his friends. 复合句 ：Although I am busy washing, he is playing basketball with his friends. 一. 陈述句(用于说明一件事，表示一种看法或表达某种心情的句子。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。) a. 肯定句He is a middle school teacher. They have visited the museum. b. 否定句使用 not 否定： She doesnt do the cleaning every day. You mustnt ta
3、ke her to your parents. 变成否定句有规则，“ 是” ，“ 有”“将 ” 后加 not,假如没有 “ 是 ” ，“ 有” ，“ 将” ，动词前面加dont(doesnt/didnt) 。使用 not 以外的否定词表示否定：用 no 否定： no+名词 =not any，表示 “ 一点也不 ” 。I have no money.(=I have not any money.) We have no time to do it.(=We havent any time to do it.) 用 never 表示否定，语气比not 要强烈。She has never been
4、there. / I will never forget him. few 和 little 分别表示可数名词和不可数名词的否定，含义为“ 几乎没有 ” 。Jack has few friends here. Theres little water in the thermos. no one = nobody 无人No one knows you here. (=Nobody knows you here.) nothing = not any thing 什么都没有I have nothing to wash today. He had nothing to eat that day. n
5、either of 没有什么人（用于两者都不）none of没有任何人；没有任何物(用于三者或以上) Its none of your business. (这与你无关。) / None of us have seen the film. 我们谁也没看过这个电影。Neither of them has ever been to Beijing. 他们两个都没去过北京。含有否定性的副词hardly(几乎不 )、seldom(很少 )的句子。I can hardly remember your name. He seldom has lunch at school. “ too.to”(太 以致不
6、 )句型本身具有否定的含义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载Its too heavy for me to carry. He is too fat to run. 必背：陈述句的否定结构特殊情况1. 含有 all, both, each, every, bothand等，肯定句加not 变为部分肯定；用no, no one, nobody, none, neither, neithernor等表全部否定。2. 含有 already, too 的肯定句加not 变为否定句，分别把already 和
7、too 变为 yet 和 either. He has already finished his work. - He hasnt finished his work yet. We want to go on a trip, too -We don t want to go on a trip, either. 3. 含有 always, many, much, often 等的肯定句直接用never, hardly, few, little, seldom 变为否定句，不加not There is much food in the kitchen. - There is little fo
8、od in the kitchen. He always gets up early in the morning. - He never / hardly gets up early in the morning. 4. 以 think 和 believe 为主句谓语的复合句，其从句的否定要前移至主句的谓语上。例如：I dont think you are hungry. 我认为你不饿。We dont believe she will come. 我们相信她不会来的。二. 疑问句(用以提问的句子，句末用问号) 疑问句分为四种：1）一般疑问句：Does Mr.Green come from A
9、merica? 2）特殊疑问句：What day is it today? 3）选择疑问句：Is he a teacher or a cook? 4）反意疑问句：You agree with him, dont you? 一般疑问句一般疑问句要把各种助动词放在句首，读时用升调，回答以yes 和 no 开始，也可以视情况灵活回答。- Do you work in that lawyers office? -No, I dont work there. - Have you finished your homework? -No, not yet. -Shall I bring you a cup
10、 of coffee? -Yes, please. -Can you wait here for me for a moment? -Certainly. 一般疑问句有时也以否定形式出现，用以表示赞赏、责备等带有感情色彩的意思或者表示提出看法、意见和建议等。 Didnt I tell you how to do it? 难道我没告诉你应该怎么做吗? Wont you come to my birthday party? 你难道不会来参加我的生日晚会吗? 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句的构成有两种：疑问代词 (作主语 )+陈述语序疑问代词 (非主语 )或疑问副词 +一般疑问句特殊问句的朗读用降调，回答时不
11、用yes 或 no。常用的疑问代词为who 和 what；疑问副词有when，where，why，how，how many，how much， how long，how often， how far 等等；疑问形容词为which。a. 疑问代词 (作主语 )+陈述语序Who is going to take part in the sports meet of the school? Who broke the glass of the window? What is in the sky? b. 疑问代词 (非主语 )或疑问副词 +一般疑问句Who are you looking for?
12、What can you see on the screen? Where do you usually go for a walk? 巧记特殊疑问句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载What 用途真广泛， 要问 “ 什么 ” 它当先， （Whats this?）.问“ 姓名 ”“职业 ” 也在前， 问“ 时间 ” （Whats the time?）How 开头来 问安 ,(How are you?)Who 问谁,(Whos that man?). 谁的 Whose 来承担 .(Whose book
13、is this?) 询问某地用 Where,(Where is the book?) 哪一个 Which 句首站。 (Which one?) 选择疑问句要求对方对两种或两种以上的情况选择其一的问句，叫选择疑问句。选择问句的两种或多种情况用or 连接，语调先升后降，回答时不用yes或 no。选择问句有两种：一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。 一般选择问句Did you solve the problem in this way or (in) that way? - I did it in that way. Is this a horse or a donkey? -Its a donkey.
14、Will you come to me or Ill go to your home? -Ill go to your home. 特殊选择问句Which is longer, the Yangtze River or the Nile? 长江和尼罗河，哪一条更长些? When will you go abroad, this year or next year? 你什么时候出国，今年还是明年? Who did you talk to, Mr. Li or Miss Wang? 你跟谁谈的，李先生还是王小姐? 反意疑问句陈述句之后加上一个与之意思相反的简短问句，这种结构的句子叫反意疑问句。反意
15、问句的否定句必须用缩略形式，主语必须用人称代词，不能用名词。反意问句的前一部分用降调, 后一部分在表示疑问时用升调，表示强调某种意思时用降调。1. 前肯后否 （前一部分为肯定式，后一部分为否定式。）(1)be 动词句型的反意问句：This magazine is yours, isnt it? 这本杂志是你的，不是吗? Your mother was a typist in this company last year, wasnt she? (2)一般行为动词句型的反意问句：She likes eating fish, doesnt she? - Yes, she does. Tom dro
16、ve the car into a tree yesterday, didnt he? - No, he didnt. (3)情态动词的反意疑问句：（need / must ）A dog can swim, cant it? -Yes, it can. You need take some medicine, neednt you? -No, I neednt. （need 为情态动词）You need some medicine, dont you? - Yes, I do. （need 为行为动词）They must come on time, neednt they? ( 表“必须”时，
17、附加部分用needn t ) That man must be Mr. Wang , isn t he ? ( 表推测“一定，想必” ，附加部分根据must 后的动词确定) (4)陈述部分是 “there be”结构时，疑问部分用there 而将主语代词省略。There is something nice on my bed, isnt there? -Yes, there is. (5)陈述部分含有不定代词everyone，someone，anyone，no one作主语时，附加部分主语用they 或 he; 不可用 it.陈述部分含有everything，something， anythi
18、ng，nothing 时，附加部分用it。Everyone in your family likes to listen to the music, dont they? No one knows about it, do they? Everything here is messy, isnt it? 这里所有的东西都乱七八糟的，是不是? （6）当陈述部分的主语为this, that 时，附加部分主语用it，当陈述部分的主语为those, these时，附加部分用 they. This is a beautiful picture, isn t it ? Those aren t apple
19、 trees, are they? (7) 当陈述部分动词为have / has 时，有以下几种情况：a. have/ has 表“有”，附加部分可用have/ has, 或 do/ does. Tom has a new watch, hasn t he? / doesn t he? b. have/ has/ had to 表“不得不” “必须”时，附加部分用do/ does/ did. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载Kate has to help her mother at home, d
20、oesn t she ? c. have 表“吃，喝，玩，度过”时，附加部分用do. They had a good time in Beijing, didn t they? d. had better 表“最好”时，附加部分用had. We had better stop talking , hadn t we? e. have 用在完成时中，附加部分用have. Lucy has ever been to Japan, hasn t she? (8) 当陈述部分为I am 形式，附加部分用aren t I. I m right, aren t I ? (9) 陈述部分为主从复合句时，疑问
21、部分的谓语应该与主句 谓语一致。You dont mind if I smoke here, do you? She said he would come tomorrow, didn t she? 注意：如果陈述部分是“I dont think (believe.)+宾语从句 ” 时，反意部分的主语和谓语应与从句一致。I dont think you are successful, are you? I dont believe she has cheated you of that sum of money, has she? I think he is a good student, i
22、sn t he? (肯定句 ) （10）祈使句的反意疑问句在表示肯定的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句，以使语气听起来婉转、客气，可用will you/ won t you? 否定的祈使句的附加部分用will you. Have a cup of coffee, will you?/ won t you? Don t play with fire, will you ? 以 Lets 开头的祈使句，附加部分用shall we? ；在 Let us/ me/ her/ him 开头的祈使句后用“will you?”Lets go swimming, shall we? / Lets go and se
23、e whats happening, shall we? Let her sing us a song, will you? / Let us help you, will you? 注意：有一类动词，如hate，dislike，disagree 等，虽然含有讨厌、不喜欢、不同意等否定的意思，但仍要按照肯定句来处理。例如：You dislike biology, dont you? (11) 感叹句的反意疑问句：感叹句的反意疑问句须用be 动词的现在时，对人用he 或 you；对事物用it，疑问部分必须用否定形式。What a fine day, isnt it? What a foolish
24、 man, isnt he? 2. 前否后肯 （前一部分为否定式，后一部分为肯定式。）这一类句子的回答，与汉语习惯有很大不同。回答这种问句，要按照实际情况，而不要考虑yes 和 no。如果答案是肯定的，就用yes；如果是否定的，就用no。 You arent a lawyer, are you? 你不是律师，是吧? Yes, I am. 不，我是律师。No, I am not . 是的，我不是。当前面陈述部分含有表示否定意思的词，如never，hardly，seldom， few，little ，nobody，no one，nothing，neither 等，后面的疑问部分要用肯定式。He n
25、ever help others, does he? - Yes, he does. No one can do this job, can he (they)? -No, he (they) cant. 三感叹句（用来表达人的特殊情感的句子）What 引导的感叹句1. What+ a/ an. +形容词 +单数可数名词+主语 +谓语！精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载What a beautiful girl she is! 2. What + 形容词 +复数可数名词+主语 +谓语！What imp
26、ortant jobs they have done! 3. What + 形容词 +不可数名词 +主语 +谓语！What sweet water it is! How 引导的感叹句1. How+ 形容词或副词 +主语 +谓语！How interesting the dog is! 2. How + 形容词 +a/an+单数可数名词 +主语 +谓语！How useful a subject they are learning! 3. How + 主语 +谓语！How time flies! 备注：如何判断用what 还是 how? 凡有 a/an 开头，或形容词加名词的，多用what; 其他一
27、般用how. 特殊形式的感叹句He runs so fast! / Do read it carefully! Wonderful! / Look out ! / Great! There she is ! 她在那儿！ / There goes the bell! 铃响了！四祈使句（表命令，请求，劝告，建议等句子）1肯定的祈使句Come in ! Be quiet! Do come on time! / Do look out ! (加强语气，动词前加do, 表“务必，一定”) 2否定的祈使句Don t be late ! Let s not speak loudly. 3.特殊情况Pleas
28、e sit down. / Stand up , please. Turn off the light, Jim. / Hands up! 举手II. 简单句的五种基本句型初中阶段，简单句一般有以下五种句型：S 十 V 主谓结构S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构说明： S主语； V谓语； P表语； O宾语； O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语基本句型一： S 十 V 主谓结构这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有： appear, apologize, arrive,
29、 come, die, disappear, exist, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载fall, happen, rise, 等等。如：The students study hard. / She apologized again. 基本句型二 : S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：It taste
30、s delicious. / It sounded funny. B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove, 等等。如：The leaves turn yellow in autumn. / Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 基本句型三 : S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：I saw a film yest
31、erday. / I dont like fish. 基本句型四 : S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构，O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“ 人” ，直接宾语常常指“ 物” 。如：He gave me an English book yesterday. / Please show me your picture. 这种句型可转换成两种结构：动词+直宾 +for sb. / 动词 +直宾 +to sb. He gave an English book to me yesterday. / Please show you picture for me. 基本句型五
32、 : S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构这种句型中的宾语补语可统称为“ 复合宾语 ”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：The news made us happy. / Please keep the classroom clean. 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch 等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如: The boss made him do the work all day. The teacher let the students do the
33、ir homework after class. 【典例 1】 （2011，绍兴， 16）- _ is your husband? - A cook. He works in a restaurant near our home. A. What B. Where C. How D. Which 【答案 】 A【典例 2】 (2011, 江苏南京 ) - _ do you watch TV every week? - Less than two hours. I often have much homework to do. A.How many B. How much C. How long
34、 D. How often 【答案 】 D精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 7 页学习必备欢迎下载1. - _ is your husband? - A cook. He works in a restaurant near our home. A. What B. Where C. How D. Which 2. Alice had a wonderful time yesterday, _ ? A . hadn t she B. wasn t she C. didn t she D. wouldn t she 3. -
35、 I m leaving now. - _ you turn off the lights. A. To make sure B. Make sure C. Made sure D. Making sure 4. - Here is a ticket to the magic show, Jason. - Wow! _ gift it is! It s my favorite. A. What a delicious B. What a nice C. How nice D. How delicious 5. - _do you watch TV every week? - Less than
36、 two hours. I often have much homework to do. A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often 6. - You can t imagine _ great fun chatting online is. - Really? But it may cause you a lot of trouble. A. what B. how C. why D. whether 7. - Mr. Wang s never been to Canada, has he? - _. He went there on
37、business last week. A. No, he hasn t B. Yes, he has C. No, he has D. Yes, he hasn t 8. - Look! It s raining heavily. _take a raincoat with you? - Well, I ll take one right now. A. Why not B. Why don t C. Would you mind D. Would you like 9. The boy has a new MP4, _? A. doesn t he B. isn t he C. does
38、he D. is he 10. Mary got good grades in school. _ excited she is! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 11. - _ will the supper be ready? I m very hungry. - In a minute. A. How soon B. How long C. How much D. How often 12. E-mail is very popular today. People seldom write letters now, _? A. did they B.
39、do they C. didn t they D. don t they 13. - _ is the library from our school? - It s quite near. Just go _ the road. A. How far; cross B. How long; across C. How far; across D. How long; cross 14. Dont forge to put the book back on the shelf, _ ? A. do you B. don t you C. will you D. won t you 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 7 页