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1、.1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IICloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Vitamins ar
2、e organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more
3、 of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements - usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in th
4、e body. 48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.41.A eitherB soC nor（C）D never42.
5、A shiftingB transferringC altering（D）D transforming43.A anyB someC anything（A）D something44.A seriousB apparentC severe（B）D fatal45.A mostlyB partiallyC sometimes（C）D rarely46.A in thatB so thatC such that（A）D except that47.A undertakesB holdsC plays（D）D performs48.A SupplyingB GettingC Providing（B）
6、D Furnishing49.A exceptionalB exceedingC excess（C）D external50.A neverthelessB thereforeC moreover（A）D meanwhileSection IIIReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefu
7、lly and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Tight-lipped elders used to say, “Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you
8、 do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we
9、plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when
10、you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard appli
11、cation blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connecte
12、d manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes an
13、d ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.51.What do the elders mean when they say, “Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?A Youll certainly get what you want
14、.B Its no use dreaming.C You should be dissatisfied with what you have.（B）D Its essential to set a goal for yourself.52.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as _.A an illustration of how to write an application for a jobB an indication of how to secure a good j
15、obC a guideline for job description（A）D a principle for job evaluation53.According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because _.A that is the first step to please the employerB that is the requirement of the employerC it enables him to know when to sel
16、l his services（D）D it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something _.A definite to offer B imaginary to provideC practical to supply（A） D desirable to presentText 2With the start of BBC World Service Te
17、levision, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought spo
18、rt, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive a
19、s a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and v
20、iewers - to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation - o
21、f whom there are many - are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it aint broke, dont fix it.” The BBC “aint broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the bro
22、adcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels ITV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels - funded
23、partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.55.The world famous BBC now faces _.A the problem of new coverageB an uncertain prospectC inquiries by the general public（B）D shrinkage of audience56.In the passage, which of the f
24、ollowing about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?A Extension of its TV service to Far East.B Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.C Potentials for further international cooperations.（C）D Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57.The BBCs “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph
25、4) stands for _.A the financial support from the royal familyB the privileges granted by the QueenC a contract with the Queen（C）D a unique relationship with the royal family58.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than _.A the emergence of commercial TV channelsB the enf
26、orcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs（D）D the challenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm w
27、as replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third
28、generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the sam
29、e time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers an
30、d importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Austral
31、ia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation
32、 to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civ
33、ilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the me
34、n and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal re
35、lations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to re
36、spect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59.Its true of the old family firms that _.A they were spoiled by the younger generationsB they failed for lack of individual initiativeC they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies（C）D they could supply adequate servi
37、ces to the taxpayers60.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in _.A the separation of capital from managementB the ownership of capital by managersC the emergence of capital and labour as two classes（A）D the participation of shareholders in municipal business61.According to the passage,
38、 all of the following are true EXCEPT that _.A the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersC the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly（C）D the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62.The author i
39、s most critical of _.A family film owners B landowners C managers（D） D shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America - breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the count
40、rys excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early
41、 mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British com
42、mission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach,
43、 originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their f
44、aith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that ca
45、nnot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor. are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as paintin
46、g and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces - school
47、s, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking - interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.63.According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to _.A elementary schools B enthusiastic workersC the att