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1、A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement - in your own words -of the contents of a passage. Note: you simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments.It is an important writing skill: to su
2、mmarize your own research work.It is a valuable learning tool: to pick out the most essential ideas of the work of someone else.Brief: omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. (Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.)Complete: to include all the main and
3、supporting points delivered in your own words in a condensed manner. Accurate: to give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherent: rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make
4、 it flow.Objective: to contain only the ideas or information of the original.Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic.ParaphrasingTo paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other peoples ideas in ones own words. 1. It is everyones most important duty to bring up a family.
5、(Perhaps the greatest social service that can be rendered by anybody to the country and to mankind is to bring up a family. ) 2. Prevention is better than cure. (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.)It helps us understand the original bette
6、r.It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points. It helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point, and in our own words.The importance of paraphrasing Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly.Key of paraphrasingGrasping the central ideasTips:Det
7、ermine its structure. Identify the authors purpose in writing. (This will help you to distinguish between more important and less important information.) divide the passage into sections or stages of thought. Ways of condensationUse synonyms or synonymous phrases He had a good command of English. He
8、 knew English well.Change the structure of simple sentences My brother has an appreciation of modern art. My brother appreciates modern art.Turn complex sentences into simple sentences He received a welcome that was as cold as ice.He received an icy welcome.Combine the sentences Hurry up. If you don
9、t, youll miss the train. Hurry up or youll miss the train.Condense long sentences into short ones His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.He was in financial difficulties.Beautifu
10、l mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years a
11、go.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.Use general words instead of specific ones She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of
12、 Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You use too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why
13、 on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much sal
14、t is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought tha
15、t eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.1. Necessary elements for a good summaryProper citation title, author, source, date of publication and the text (journal articl
16、es)e.g. The article “Gold and Silver,” by Joe Lawrence, found in the September 3, 2002 issue of Newsweek on pages 29-32 Thesis statement the topic or general subject matter of the text; the authors major assertion, comment, or position on the topicSupporting ideas major supporting ideas; relationshi
17、ps among these ideas; no specifics; the authors purpose in writing; no personal opinions, ideas, and inferences.Grammar and the structure of writing avoid direct quotation; use transitional wordse.g. first, in the first part, in the introductory part second, next, in the second part then, afterwards
18、, after that, in addition to that, also, furthermore finally, at last, in the end, as a conclusion, on the whole, in a word, to sum up, last but not least, as a result, soPreviewing the work title subtitle first and last several paragraphs other itemsReading the article thoroughlyRereading the work
19、carefullyTaking notesWrite one-sentence summaries: Summarize each section of thought.Formulate the thesis statement: Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together.Write the first draftIn the first sentence or two:The authors nameThe articles or chapters nameThe authors thesis statementThe author
20、s writing purposeThen the summary sentences of each paragraph or section.Express in your own words, to avoid plagiarism.Tips for avoiding plagiarism:To make sure that you dont accidentally plagiarize something; read the article a few times, and make sure you understand it fully.Then put the article
21、away. Write as much as you can to summarize what you remember. This way, you will not be tempted to use the authors original words. Points for attention:Eliminate unnecessary words and repetitions.Eliminate personal ideas and inferences.Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.Conclude
22、 with a summing up sentence.Edit the draftIs all the important information in the summary?Am I listing things out?Am I saying the same thing over and over again?Have I left out my personal views and ideas?Does my summaryhang together?Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct?Write the final d
23、raftInaccurate or unrepresentative information - Shows that you dont fully understand the contents of the article.Too much information - Shows that you cannot distinguish between main points and supporting details.Missing information - Shows that you cannot recognize all the main points.Poor organiz
24、ation - Shows that you dont understand or are unable to express the relationships between the main points.Lacks “flow” You need to use sentence connectors and other cohesive devices.Read the passage Telecommuting: will it change the world? on P.109 in your textbook carefully, and then write a short
25、summary of it for about 80 words. The length of the passage: 305 wordsThe source of the passage: posted on on Sep. 5, 2010, written by Muhammad Adnan Elahi.Write a summary of the essay Living in an Automobile Culture on P. 121. You should write about 250 words. Length of original essay: 1,660 wordsSource of the essay: www. K on April 29, 2000 by Ken Kifer结束结束