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1、2009-20XX年度生态学基础复习大纲. Please explain the following terms. 名词解释 （1） Introduction ecology（生态学）：是有关生物与环境（栖息地）相互关系的科学。或者，生态学是研究生物与环境相互关系的科学。（2） autoecology niche（生态位）：生物在环境中占据的位置。fundamental niche（基础生态位） ：在生物群落中能够为某一物种所栖息的理论最大空间。realized niche（实际生态位） ：物种实际所能占有的生态位空间。competitive exclusion principle （竞争排斥
2、原理） ：生态位相同的两个物种不可能共存。habitat（栖息地）：生物生活的地方。fitness（适合度） ：是衡量一个个体存活和生殖成功机会的一种尺度。个体存活的机会和生殖成功的可能性越大，适合度越大。environment（环境）：生命有机体周围一切的总和，包括空间以及可以直接或间接影响有机体生活、生长与繁殖的各种因素。Liebig s law of minimum （利比希最小因子定律）：在稳定状态下，当某种物质的可利用量最接近于该物种所需的临界最小量时，生物生长就会受到这种最小量因子的限制。Shelford s law of tolerance （谢尔福德的 “ 耐受性定律 ” ）
3、：当任何一个生态因子在数量上或质量上不足或过多，超过某种生物能够耐受的极限时，均会使该种生物不能生存，甚至灭绝。ecological valence or amplitude （生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）：每一种生物对每一种环境因素都有一个能耐受范围，即有一个生态上的最低点和一个生态上的最高点，在最低点和最高点（或称为耐受性下限和上限）之间的范围，这个能耐受的范围称为生态幅。law of limiting factor （限制因子定律） ：在众多环境因子中，任何接近或超过某种生物的耐受性极限而阻止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散的因素，这个因子称为限制因子。Vant Hoff s law（范霍夫定律或
4、Q10定律） ：在一定范围内，变温动物的体温每增加10，生理过程速率加快2 倍，我们把这种关系称为范霍恩定律或Q10定律。developmental threshold temperature （发育起点温度） ：动物的生长发育是需要一定温度范围精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 17 页的，低于某一温度，动物就停止生长发育，高于这一温度，动物才开始生长发育，这一温度阈值就叫做发育起点温度或生物学零度。law of effective temperature （有效积温法则） ：外温动物完成其发育史需要一定的时间和温度的组合
5、，或者说它需要的是一定的总积温（sum of heat） 。（3）population ecology Population（种群）：在一定时间内占据同一空间的同种个体所组成的集合。ecological invasion（生态入侵） ：生物在人类有意识或无意识情况下带入到一个适宜于其生存或繁衍的地区，致使其种群不断增加，分布区稳步扩大的过程，称为生态入侵。innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase) 内禀增长率 ： 当食物量和空间条件不受限制并排除同种个体竞争或敌害时，在特定温度、湿度和食物质地等条件下，种群所达到的瞬时
6、最大增长率。density dependence（密度制约） ：种群参数如出生率、死亡率随着密度的改变而改变。density independence（非密度制约） ：出生率和死亡不随密度的改变而改变。age structure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）：不同年龄组在种群中所占的比例或配置情况。reproductive value（生殖价）：指某一特定年龄个体未来产仔数的期望值。或一个某年龄雌体平均地能对未来种群增长所作出的贡献的参数。Survivorship curve（存活曲线） ：将生命表中的lx或 nx项对各年龄期x 作图所得到的反映种群不同年龄段存活情况的曲线。ecological n
7、atality （生态出生率） ：又称为实际出生率，在特定的条件下种群的实际出生率。ecological mortality （生态死亡率） ：又称为实际死亡率，在特定环境条件下，种群受到食物短缺、捕食及疾病干扰等的情况下的死亡率。maximum natality （最大出生率） ：在理想的条件下（即食物、空间等资源不受限制时，排除疾病的干扰）种群的出生率（此时的出生率只受生物的生理特征限制）。minimum mortality （最低死亡率） ：在最适环境下，种群中的个体因年老而死亡的速率。ecological strategy（生态对策） ：生物在进化过程中，对某一些特定的生态压力所采取的
8、生活史或行为模式。（4）community ecology pioneer species（先锋物种） ：最先占领新生境的物种或在裸地上最先形成的物种。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 17 页climax （顶级群落） ：群落演替最后阶段的群落。此时，物种非常丰富，物种间关系通常非常紧密。biotic community （生物群落） ： 在相同时间聚集在一定区域或生境中的各种生物种群的集合。community succession（群落演替） ：在一定的地段上，群落由一个类型转变为另一类型的有顺序的演变过程。growt
9、h form （生长型）：根据植物的可见结构及其形态特征分成的不同类群。life form（生活型）：植物地上部分的高度与其多年生组织（冬季或者夏季休眠并可存活到下一个生长季节）之间的关系。ectone（群落交错区） ：为两个不同群落交界的区域。edge effect（边缘效应） ：群落交错区中生物种类和种群密度增加的现象。species diversity （物种多样性） ：是指组成群落的生物种类的多少，是衡量群落生物组成结构和生态系统稳定性的重要指标，是生物多样性的一个重要层次（遗传多样性和生态系统多样性） 。dominant species（优势种）：群落中起决定和控制作用的物种。fun
10、ctional group (guild) （同资源种团或功能团）：以同一方式利用共同资源的物种集团。（5）ecosystem biomass（生物量）：某一特定观察时刻，某一空间范围内现有有机体的多少。用B 表示，单位：数量、重量或能量/单位面积。primary production （初级生产） ：绿色植物（自养生物）通过光合作用将无机物转变成有机物并把太阳能转变成化学能的过程（严格说来，应包括化能合成生物）。biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循环） ：是指各种化学物质在生态系统内部不同生物成分之间、生物成分与物理成分之间的交换和循环以及化学物质在不同生态系统之间的交换和循
11、环。ecosystem（生态系统）：在一定空间中共同栖居着的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断进行的物质循环和能量流转过程而形成的统一整体。biosphere（生物圈）：是地球上凡是出现并感受到生命活动影响的地区，是地球上最大的生态系统。ecological pyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）：是指生态系统中不同营养级的生物量、数量或能量的组成比例，通常用图解表示。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 17 页food chain（食物链）：生产者所固定的能量和物质，通过一系列取食和被食的关系在生态系统中传递，各种
12、生物按其食物关系排列的链状顺序称为食物链。food web （食物网）：群落中的各种食物链相互交叉组成复杂的网状结构，称为食物网。trophic level （营养级）：指生物在食物链中所处的位置。. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. 填空题 （1）introduction Human being are confronted with the five crises such as 人口, food, 资源, 能量, environment
13、. Divided by the organization levels, the ecology includes molecular ecology, autoecology, 种群ecology, 群落ecology, 生态系统ecology, 景观ecology, global ecology. Divided by the habitat, ecology includes terrestrial ecology, 淡水ecology, estuary ecology, 海洋ecology, etc. Divided by the organisms, ecology include
14、s 动物ecology, 植物ecology, and microorganism ecology. Classic ecology include autoecology, 种群, 群落, and ecosystem ecology. Ecology is the study（研究）of the 相互作用(interaction) between organisms (生物 ) and their environment ( 环境 ). The environment is a combination of 非生物(abiotic) environment and the 生物（biotic
15、）environment. （2）autoecology The ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are 超冷and 耐受冻结. According to Libig s Law of Minimum （利比希最小因子定律）, 磷 (P) is most probably the limiting factor ( 限制因子 ) to the growth of algae( 藻类 ) in many fresh waters (淡水 ). The types of aquatic plants that adapt to wate
16、r ( 水分 ) are 沉水植物, 漂浮植物 , 浮叶植物, and 挺水植物. The types of terrestrial plants adapt to water are 旱生植物, 中生植物, 湿生植物. The air temperature at night 增加 ( increase) with the altitude ascent. The ways of osmoregulation ( 渗透压调节 ) for fishes include 高渗调节, 低渗调节, 等渗调节， 变渗调节。The concentration (溶度 ) of O2 in soil is
17、 higher than in air, and which of CO2 in soil is lower ( 低于 ) than in air. According to size, the organisms in the soil can be classified into 原生生物, 小型动物区系 , 中型动物区系，大型动物区系and 巨型动物区系（如鼹鼠and 蛇） . The factors that have important influences on the soil formation include 气候 , 母质 , 生物 , 时间 ,地形 . The organ
18、ic matter (有机质 ) in soil is composed of 腐殖质and 非腐殖质 . （3）population ecology The types of natural selection ( 自然选择 ) include 分裂选择, directional selection, 稳定选择 . The self-regulation schools ( 自动调节学派 ) include 行为调节学说 , 遗传调节学说, and 内分精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 17 页泌调节学说. Accord
19、ing to the shape of age pyramid ( 年龄椎体 ), it can be classified into three types, that is, 增长型, 稳定型, and 下降型 . The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 捕食. The interaction between penicillin （青霉素）and bacterium is 抗生作用. Walnut quinine ( 胡桃醌 ) secreted by walnut ( 胡桃 ) can inhibit the gr
20、owth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to 他感作用或异种抑制作用. The spatial distribution patterns of a population ( 种群的空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布 ), 聚集（或成群）distribution, and 随机distribution. Organisms with K -strategist usually show l
21、ow mortality (死亡率 ) in the early life stage and live in a stable environment. According to the competitive exclusion principle（竞争排斥原理）, if two species compete in a stable environment, there are two possible outcomes （结果） : (1) one species is excluded or (2) niches of both species 出现分化(are differenti
22、ated) （4）community ecology The three model to explain the succession mechanism include促进模型, 抑制模型, 忍耐模型. Plants in a community can be classified not only by its taxonomy (分类学 ), but also by the growth form ( 生长型 ) , i. e., the height of the plants, woody(木本 ) or nonwoody( 非木本 ), leave shapes etc, thu
23、s we can classify the plants as 乔木 （Tree） , 藤本植物(Lianas), 灌木(Shrubs), 附生植物 (epiphytes)，草本植物(grass) , and Thallophytes (菌藻植物 ). The species that determines the structure and function of the community is 优 势 种(dominant species). According to the area where whether a community have existed or not, the
24、succession can be classified into 原生演替(primary succession) and 次生演替(secondary succession). According to the whether the factors that incur succession are endogenous or exogenous, the succession can be classified into 内因性演替(endogenous succession) and 外因性演替(exogenous succession). （5）ecosystem ecology
25、The function of ecosystem include 物质循环, 能量流动, 信息交换. Three fundamental types of biogeochemical cycles are 气体型循环, 沉积型循环, 水循环. The two main types of food chains are 捕食食物链and 碎屑食物链. 生产者, 分解者, and 消费者are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem. The largest ecosystem on Earth is the 生物圈. Pro
26、ducers(生产者 ) are autotrophs (自养生物 ), including 光能自养生物 （photoautotroph）and化能自养生物 (chemoautotrophs). Decomposers(分解者 ) are those organisms which feed on nonliving material and can break down （分解） the organic matters （有机物质）into inorganic nutrients（无机营养物）for the producers. The most important decomposers
27、 might be 细菌 (bacteria), and 真菌 (fungi). The figure below is a simplified sketch map ( 示意图 ) of food web (食物网 ) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answers for the six questions below according to this sketch map. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 17 页（1）The number of food cha
28、in ( 食物链 ) in this food web is 4 . （2）The number of trophic level ( 营养级 ) of hawk is 2 . （3）The interspecific relationship between hawk and fox is 竞争. （4）The life form ( 生物 ) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is 草 . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk through
29、two food chains, the efficient food chain is 草-鼠-鹰 . （5）If we use DDT to control the pest insect (害虫 ) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (浓度 ) of DDT is 鹰 .（6） If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form w
30、ill be seriously negatively influenced is 草 . True or false (one points each, 12 points totally). 是非题， 每小题 1 分，共 12 分（对 : false, F；错： true,T）. Why is it right or wrong? 请思考为什么对，为什么错？ （1）introduction ( F ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong
31、to research content of the classic ecology ( 经典生态学 ). ( F ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology. ( T ) 36. Modern ecology (现代生态学 ) include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology. （2）autoecology ( T ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect,
32、 but a resource for a plant. ( F ) 4. Water is a resource for cotton at any time. ( F ) 17. For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数 ) by a 10 rise in temperature is two to three. ( F ) 22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species o
33、f the two species destined (注定 ) to go to extinction ( 灭绝 ). ( F ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（热带） are able to tolerate(耐受 ) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone （温带）and Frigid Zone （寒带）, so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物 ) while organisms in Temperate Zone ar
34、e stenotherms (狭温生物 ). （3）population ecology ( T ) Most animals belong to unitary organism ( 单体生物 ). 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 17 页( T ) Most plants belong to modular organism ( 构件生物 ). ( F ) One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other when they compete with eac
35、h other for resources. ( T ) In the broad sense (广义上说 ), parasitism is one kind of predation. ( F ) Time-specific life table (特定时间生命表) is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort ( 同生群 ). ( T ) Age-specific life table ( 特定年龄生命表) is drawn up using the da
36、ta on mortality ( 死亡 ) over time obtained through observing a cohort ( 同生群 ). ( T ) Self regulation school ( 自动调节学派) belongs to endogenous regulation theory ( 内源性调节理论 ). ( F ) According to Hardy-Winberg s law (哈文定律 ), the gene and genotype frequency ( 基因频率和基因型频率) in each generation will retain const
37、ant in a small population. ( T ) Ecological factors (生态因子 ) can be divided into density-dependent (密度制约 ) and density-independent ( 非密度制约 ) factors, temperature are density-independent factors, while food is density-dependent. ( T ) Parasites and their host are in co-evolution ( 协同进化 ) . ( T ) Reali
38、zed (ecological) natality is not only determined by physiological conditions but also by actual ecological conditions. ( F ) The result of static life table (静态生命表 ) are more reliable (可靠的 ) than that of dynamic table life ( 动态生命表 ). ( T ) There are more species of monotrophic (单食性 ) animals in stab
39、le conditions than that of polytrophic ( 多食性 ) ones in capricious (变化无常的 ) conditions. ( T ) Antibiosis ( 抗生作用 ) belongs to amensalism (偏害作用 ). ( F ) The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙鱼 ) and silver carp (鲢鱼 ) is mutualism. ( F ) The relationship between termite ( 白蚁 ) and flagell
40、ate ( 鞭毛虫 ) in its intestine ( 肠道 ) is commensalism (偏利作用 ). ( T ) That 1000 individuals of silver carps (鲢鱼 ) have fished per unit fishing effort (单位捕捞努力 ) stands for relative density ( 相对密度 ). （4）community ecology ( F ) Species diversity ( 物种多样性 ) in Tropical Zone ( 热带地区 ) is lower than in Tempera
41、te Zone (温带地区 ). ( T ) The succession direction of facilitation model (促进模型 ) is predictable. ( F ) Polyclimax hypothesis (多顶级学说) argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate. ( F ) The ecologists of the organismic school (机体论学派 ) argue that there are not obvious borderline
42、 between two communities. ( T ) One of the succession viewpoint (演替观 ) of individualistic school (个体论学派 ) is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community. ( T ) We can classified trees ( 乔木 ) into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term of growth form. ( F ) There are two c
43、ommunities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 17 页of which has 10 individuals, respectively (分别地 ). So we can conclude that the species bio
44、diversity of community A is higher than that of community B. ( T ) After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐 ) , there will occur secondary succession (次生演替 ). ( T ) It will not incur (招致, 引起 ) any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余种 ) from this co
45、mmunity. ( F ) Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物 ), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物 ), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物 ) in terms of life growth. （5）ecosystem ecology ( F ) The biomass of the lower of trophic level (营养级 ) must be higher than that of the higher trophic level. ( T ) We can boldly de
46、clare (大胆地说 ) that the energy decreases with increase of trophic level. ( F ) Sulfur cycle ( 硫循环 ) belongs to sedimentary cycle ( 沉积型循环 ) and doesn t belong to gaseous cycle (气体型循环 ). ( F ) The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it. ( T ) There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp
47、(鳙鱼 ) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一时刻 ), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated. ( F ) The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is often less than seven to eight. . To make the right choice 选择题 （1）introduction The ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecolo
48、gy is ( A ). A. Hackel B. Clements C. Tansley D. Lack ( ABC ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology. A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology （2）autoecology The auricle (外耳 ) of arctic fox (北极狐 ) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐 )
49、 in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter than that of large-ear fox (大耳狐 ). We can use ( B ) to explain this phenomenon. A. Bergmann s rule B. Allen s rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan ruleWhale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal,
50、and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like structure to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( A ). A. convergence adaptation ( 趋同适应 ) B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation (趋异适应 ) When there are short of calcium ( 钙) in the environment, st