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1、position-related consumption of civil servants has been swept by finance, consumer, regardless of cost, extravagance and waste in the civil service position -related consumption, abuse, corruption and embezzlement, corruption is important. Then, under the conditions of market economy, how to reform
2、the existing civil duty consumption management, explores a source to pr event and curb the post consumption corruption way, is currently a major issue faced by honest work. Recently, I conducted research on this issue, this problem on some humble opi nions. First, the existing public servants duty c
3、onsumption the main probl ems seen from the investigation and reasons, in recent years, public servants duty consumption caused by the abuses and not a person of integrity, is one of the major problems in the party in Government, its operation order have a negative effect on the party and Government
4、 organs, seriously damaging the image of the party and the Government, undermining the relationship between party and themasses, effect, ope ning up and economic construction. From I County in recent years of governance sit uation see, positions consumption in the produced of two not phenomenon rend
5、ering four a features: a is positions consumption system lost has due of bindi ng, right is greater than rules, and right is greater than method of phenomenon more highlig ht; II is in positi ons consumption in the Camera Obscura operation, using terms, will positions consumption into has personal c
6、onsumption, will cor porate points to into personal points to, makes positions consumption i n some aspects has int o positions enjoy and self-dealing of means; three is to positions consumption for name, fraud, false impersonator, Trend of negative corruption phenomena such as corruption and misapp
7、ropriation; four palaces, follow the fashion, rivalries, wasteful, and post consumption became a symbol of showing off their indivi dual capacities. Cause d by public servants duty consumption of many two phenomenon in which people reflect the biggestproblems are: (a) the official car problems. Main
8、ly in three aspects: one is the larger buses cost expenditure. According to statistics, until November 2003, XX County township Department bus 159 cars, w hich department owns the bus 145 vehicles, and showed an incre asing trend. F ina ncial expenses cost per bus per year to 35,000 yuan, and i n fa
9、ct every cost up to 50,000 yuan. Some units also hiring temporary drivers and expenditure on wages and subsidi es. Nece ssary to keep a car, but also dependa nts, leading to larger expenses. Second, gongchesiyong breed unhealthy tende nci es. Some people believe that now some bus drivers use one-thi
10、rd, one -third leading private one-third use d for official purposes. Some public servants, especially leading officials motoring, cars for private purposes, violating the se lf-discipline regulations, and even lead to traffic accidents. According to statistics from related departments, since 2004,
11、the correct investigation in our County serves nearly 30 cars for private purposes, only the first half of this year, cars for private purposes oreaders driving a vehicle a cci dent caused by road accidents, 1, 1 peopl e killed and direct economic losses amounting to more than 100,000 yuan. Third, h
12、igh efficiency a nd low cost of the bus. Surveys show that, the operating costs of taxis for the 8200/. Is a fundamental priority of the reform, it is a difficult problem that must be solved in the reform proce ss. Clearly, t he post consumption averages three years before as a base and fine-tuned o
13、n the basis of this single practice s must be improved. Improvements to adhere to three principles: first, under the existing policy provisions approved for public servants duty consumption standards, calibration, is not contrary to policy. Second, a ccording to the local financi al situation and pe
14、oples sustainability, public serva nts duty consumption standards appr oved, both financial reach, and peopl e passing through. Third, according to the operational nee ds of civil servants responsible for authorized public servants duty consumption standards, both high and low positions, but also th
15、e natureof the work and the workload. In reform of method Shang, approved civi l servants positions consumption standard to big unified, and small dispersed suitable, that most positions consumption project should according to policy provides proposed unified standard, consider to ranks, and units a
16、nd the work task of differences sex, unifie d of standard should has elasti c of and dynamic of, makes regions, and units in implementation unified standard Shi has must of flexible disposal right; but si nce set of standard must after financial, and audit, sector audit approved Hou to implementatio
17、n. (C) reform package. Public servants duty consumption elasticity of consumption to limit consumption, turning mess into kitchen after dinner, follow the civil servant with a how to use personal title subsidies, or how to manage a personal duty consumption use of subsidies. Therefore, we must estab
18、lish nd perfect with public servants duty consumption monetization reform support of the series of governance systems such as the civil serviceexamination of responsibility, system, low fault investigation system, the report said. While other measures to keep up. Discipline inspection and supervisio
19、n orga ns, financial , auditing departments should strengthen supervision and inspection of public servants duty consumption monetization reform progress, to strengthe n the reform of public servants duty consumption monetization system, measures to develop and monitor the implementation of inspecti
20、on, not consumption as required, even shifting consumer behavior to stop, serious cases to deal with. Three i deas, public servants duty consumption m onetization reform of politics, the economy and the deepening of the reform, public servants duty consumption as somewhere between a reform also demo
21、nstrated its importance and urgency. First of all, civil servants especially party and Government leaders and public servants duty consumption there are big drawbacks. NPC deputies and CPPCC members and the br oad masses are concerned about. Second ly, the第一章VLAN 技术附录一、复习答案1. 在网络中使用 VLAN 技术可以带来哪些好处？
22、答：通过在网络中使用VLAN 技术，可以减小广播域范围，从而减少广播流量，并且还能提供一定的故障隔离。2. VLAN ID 的编号范围是多少？答： VLAN ID 表示的范围是04095 ，但是用户在设备上可以配置的VLAN 范围是14094 。3. 当要跨交换机实现VLAN 内的通信时，应如何实现？答：跨交换机实现同VLAN 之间的通信时，交换机之间的级联接口应设置为Trunk 。4. 在穿过 Trunk 和 Access 接口时， VLAN 中的数据帧是如何被处理的？答：在穿过 Trunk 前，除 Native VLAN 外的所有的 VLAN 数据帧都需要打上802.1q 标签，穿过 Tr
23、unk 时标签保留。在穿过Access 接口发出数据前，VLAN 数据中的 802.1q 标签会被剥除。5. 实现 VLAN 间通信有哪些方式？答：实现VLAN 间通信有三种方式：路由接口、SVI 接口和单臂路由。6. 通过 SVI如何实现 VLAN 间通信？答：通过SVI 方式实现 VLAN 间路由，需要在三层交换机上为VLAN 的SVI 接口配置IP 地址，并且此地址作为本VLAN 中主机的默认网关，主机在发送数据到其他网段时，将数据发送给网关即三层交换机，再利用三层交换机的路由功能实现路由。7. 通过单臂路由方式如何实现VLAN 间通信？答：需要在路由器接口上创建以太网子接口，并将子接口
24、封装802.1q 划分到各 VLAN 中，最后为子接口配置IP 地址作为本 VLAN 主机的默认网关。8. 相比单臂路由方式，通过SVI方式实现 VLAN 间通信有哪些优点？答：通过三层交换机的SVI 方式实现 VLAN 间路由，由于使用SVI 逻辑端口所以不受物理端口密度的限制，并且不会造成网络瓶颈，实施起来更加灵活方便。9. Private VLAN中的属于同一 VLAN 的隔离端口是否可以通信？答：不能。10. Super VLAN的不同 Sub VLAN的端口是否可以实现二层通信？答：不能第二章生成树协议附录一、复习答案1、相对于 STP ，RSTP 中增加了哪些端口角色？精选学习资料
25、 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页position-related consumption of civil servants has been swept by finance, consumer, regardless of cost, extravagance and waste in the civil service position-related consumption, abuse, corruption and embezzlement, corruption is important. Then, under
26、 the conditions of market economy, how to reform the existing civil duty consumption management, explores a source to pr event and curb the post consumption corruption way, is currently a major issue faced by honest work. Recently, I conducted research on this issue, this problem on some humble opi
27、nions. First, the existing public servants duty consumption the main probl ems seen from the investigation and reasons, in recent years, public servants duty consumption caused by the abuses and not a person of integrity, is one of the major problems in the party in Government, its operation order h
28、ave a negative effect on the party and Government organs, seriously damaging the image of the party and the Government, undermining the relationship between party and themasses, effect, ope ning up and economic construction. From I County in recent years of governance sit uation see, positions consu
29、mption in the produced of two not phenomenon rendering four a features: a is positions consumption system lost has due of bindi ng, right is greater than rules, and right is greater than method of phenomenon more highlig ht; II is in positi ons consumption i n the Camera Obscura operation, using ter
30、ms, will positions consumption into has personal consumption, will cor porate points to into personal points to, makes positions consumption i n some aspects has int o positions enjoy and self-dealing of means; three is to positions consumption for name, fraud, false impersonator, Trend of negative
31、corruption phenomena such as corruption and misa ppr opriation; four palaces, follow the fashion, rivalries, wasteful, and post consumption became a symbol of showing off their indivi dual capacities. Cause d by public servants duty consumption of many two phenomenon in which people reflect the bigg
32、estproblems are: (a) the official car problems. Mainly in three aspects: one is the larger buses cost expenditure. According to statistics, until November 2003, XX County township Department bus 159 cars, w hich department owns the bus 145 vehicles, and sho wed an incre asing trend. Fina ncial expen
33、ses cost per bus per year to 35,000 yuan, and i n fact every cost up to 50,000 yuan. Some units also hiring temporary drivers and expenditure on wages and subsidi es. Nece ssary to keep a car, but also dependa nts, leading to larger expenses. Second, gongchesiyong breed unhealthy tende nci es. Some
34、people believe that now some bus drivers use one-third, one -third leading private one-third use d for official purposes. Some public servants, especially leading officials motoring, cars for private purposes, violating the se lf-discipline regulations, and even lead to traffic accidents. According
35、to statistics from related departments, since 2004, the correct investigation in our County serves nearly 30 cars for private purposes, only the first half of this year, cars for private purposes oreaders driving a vehicle a cci dent caused by road accidents, 1, 1 peopl e killed and direct economic
36、losses amounting to more than 100,000 yuan. Third, high efficiency a nd low cost of the bus. Surveys show that, the operating costs of taxis for the 8200/. Is a fundamental priority of the reform, it is a difficult problem that must be solved in the reform proce ss. Clearly, t he post consumption av
37、erages three years before as a base and fine-tuned on the basis of this single practice s must be improved. Improvements to adhere to three principles: first, under the existing policy provisions approved for public servants duty consumption standards, calibration, is not contrary to policy. Second,
38、 a ccording to the local financi al situation and peoples sustainability, public serva nts duty consumption standards appr oved, both financial reach, and peopl e passing through. Third, according to the operational nee ds of civil servants responsible for authorized public servants duty consumption
39、 standards, both high and low positions, but also the natureof the work and the workload. In reform of method Shang, approved civi l servants positions consumption standard to big unified, and small dispersed suitable, that most positions consumption project should according to policy provides propo
40、sed unified standard, consider to ranks, and units and the work task of differences sex, unifie d of standard should has elasti c of and dynamic of, makes regions, and units in implementation unified standard Shi has must of flexible disposal right; but si nce set of standard must after financial, a
41、nd audit, sector audit approved Hou to implementation. (C) reform package. Public servants duty consumption elasticity of consumption to limit consumption, turning mess into kitchen after dinner, follow the civil servant with a how to use personal title subsidies, or how to manage a personal duty co
42、nsumption use of subsidies. Therefore, we must establish and perfect with public servants duty consumption monetization reform support of the series of governance systems such as the civil serviceexamination of responsibility, system, low fault investigation system, the report said. While other meas
43、ures to keep up. Discipline inspection and supervision orga ns, financial , auditing departments should strengthen supervision and inspection of public servants duty consumption monetization reform progress, to strengthe n the reform of public servants duty consumption monetization system, measures
44、to develop and monitor the implementation of inspection, not consumption as require d, even shifting consumer behavior to stop, serious cases to deal with. Three i deas, public servants duty consumption m onetization reform of politics, the economy and the deepening of the reform, public servants du
45、ty consumption as somewhere between a reform also demonstrated its importance and urgency. First of all, civil servants especially party and Government leaders and public servants duty consumption there are big drawbacks. NPC deputies and CPPCC members and the br oad masses are concerned about. Seco
46、ndly, the答： RSTP 中增加了替代端口（Alternate Port ）和备份端口（Backup Port ）这两种端口角色。2、RSTP 中的替代端口（Alternate Port）作为什么端口的备份端口？答：替换端口是根端口的备份端口。3、RSTP 中的备份端口（Backup Port）是作为什么端口的备份端口？答：备份端口是指定端口的备份端口。4、在 RSTP 中，点对点类型的链路和共享式的链路的收敛有什么区别？答：在点对点的的链路类型中，双方交换机端口只需要经过一次协商便可进入转发状态。在共享式链路中，则只能经过监听状态和学习状态才能进入转发状态。5、在 RSTP 中，当拓
47、扑发生变化时，交换机是如何传递拓扑变更到整个网络的？答：在 RSTP 中，发现拓扑变化的交换机直接向网络中泛洪TC BPDU 报文。6、如何将一个端口配置为RSTP 边缘端口？答：使用接口命令spanning-tree portfast。7、运行 STP 和RSTP 的网络会存在什么样的问题？答： STP 和RSTP 均没在网络中考虑VLAN 的环境，因此在网络中进行生成树运算并阻断链路时，可能会导致某些VLAN 的通信受阻，并且会导致冗余链路空闲，造成带宽资源浪费。8、相比较 STP 与RSTP ，MSTP 最主要的区别是什么？答： MSTP 可以在网络中运行多个生成树。9、在运行 MSTP
48、 的交换机中，默认情况下VLAN 属于哪个实例？答：属于实力0（instance 0 ）。10、运行 MSTP 的网络中，具有哪些相同特性或配置的交换机会被视为在同一个区域中？答：配置相同的区域配置名称、修正号以及VLAN 与生成树实例的映射关系。11、在运行 MSTP 的网络中，如何实现负载分担？答：当网络中有多个VLAN 时，将不同的VLAN 划分到不同的 instance 中，这样每个instance 会自己计算独立的生成树，再将不同instance 中的根交换机通过优先级的配置设置为不同的交换机，从而使不同的VLAN 可以通过不同的链路发送数据，实现数据的负载分担。第三章虚拟路由器冗余
49、协议（VRRP ） 附录一、复习答案1、VRRP 运行过程中会经历哪三种状态？答： Initialize 、Master 和Backup 。2、VRRP 报文的组播地址是多少？协议号是多少？答：组播地址为224.0.0.18 ，IP 协议号为 112。3、VRRP 是如何进行选举的？答：运行VRRP 的路由器通过发送和接收VRRP 通告报文来比较优先级，优先级大的将成为主路由器，其它路由器都为备份路由器。4、VRRP 使用几个定时器？各定时器的作用是什么？答： VRRP 使用两个时间定时器，通告间隔定时器和主路由器失效间隔定时器。通告间隔定时器用于定义路由器发送VRRP 通告报文的间隔，主路由
50、器失效定时器用于定义备份路由器在认为主路由器失效前所等待的时间。5、什么是 IP地址拥有者？答：虚拟IP 地址与接口 IP 地址相同的 VRRP 路由器被称为IP 地址拥有者。6、VRRP 使用什么方法实现流量的负载均衡？答：通过将路由器加入到多个VRRP 组中，并且使路由器在不同的组中承担不同的角色精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页position-related consumption of civil servants has been swept by finance, consumer, regardles